Bremen - Bremen (English spelling)

Japanese: ブレーメン - ぶれーめん(英語表記)Bremen
Bremen - Bremen (English spelling)

A city in northwestern Germany. It is the second largest port city in the country after Hamburg, and lies along the lower Weser River. It has a population of 539,400 (2000). Together with Bremerhaven, an outer port at the mouth of the Weser River, about 60 km away, it constitutes the state of Bremen, and is its state capital. The state has an area of ​​404 square kilometers and a population of 660,200 (2000). It is the smallest state in Germany. It developed on the sand dunes on the northeast bank of the Weser River as a center of shipping, commerce, and religion, and the urban area expanded to the surrounding hills and the opposite bank. It is a key location connecting the inland and the open sea along the Weser River, and a crossing point of the river, and even today the main railway and roads connecting Hamburg with the Rhine and Ruhr regions pass through here. It also has good connections to the south via Hanover to Frankfurt.

Bremen's economy is centered on trade, importing agricultural products such as tobacco and cotton, and exporting coal, fertilizer, scrap metal, etc. North German shipping company Lloyd was founded here in 1857. In industry, important industries include shipbuilding, machinery, tobacco, food, textiles, automobiles, and metal processing, which are related to trade. There are state administrative agencies, federal postal and shipping agencies, and cultural facilities. Although medieval gabled civic houses and public buildings were destroyed in the Second World War, the cathedral church of St. Petri (founded in the 12th century), the Renaissance-style town hall (1405-09), the guild hall (16th century), and the statue of the medieval knight Roland (1404), the city's patron deity, around the market square, were rebuilt. At the entrance to the market square, there is a statue of the Bremen Town Musicians, a Grimm fairy tale.

[Saito Mitsunori]

history

The city's history began with the establishment of a bishopric in 787. In 845, it was elevated to an archbishopric and became a base for the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia. In 888, the emperor granted it a charter for a market. In 1186, Emperor Frederick I granted the city autonomy, and it was in the 13th century that the city's citizens were completely freed from the archbishop's control of the city. In 1358, the city joined the Hanseatic League, and as a powerful member of the league, it traded with England, the Netherlands, and other countries. However, internally, it suffered from the so-called guild struggle, and the oligarchy of wealthy citizens barely managed to maintain control. During the Reformation, Calvinists eventually prevailed, and in 1646 it became an imperial free city, and in 1815, the Treaty of Vienna confirmed its status both domestically and internationally. In 1827, the outer port of Bremerhaven was built, making it Germany's second largest commercial port after Hamburg.

[Yoshio Sehara]

[References] | Imperial Cities | Hanseatic League | Hamburg | Bremerhaven | Bremen Town Musicians

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ北西部の都市。ハンブルクに次ぐ同国第二の港湾都市で、ウェーザー川下流部沿岸を占める。人口53万9400(2000)。約60キロメートル離れたウェーザー川河口の外港ブレマーハーフェンとともにブレーメン州を構成し、その州都でもある。同州は面積404平方キロメートル、人口66万0200(2000)。ドイツ最小の州である。ウェーザー川北東岸の砂丘上に、舟運、商業、宗教上の中心都市として発達し、市街地は周辺の微高地と対岸に拡大した。ウェーザー川沿いの内陸と外洋を結ぶ要地にして同川の渡河点にあたり、今日もライン、ルール地方とハンブルクを結ぶ主要な鉄道・道路がここを通る。南方ハノーバーを経てフランクフルト方面への連絡もよい。

 ブレーメン経済の中心は貿易で、タバコ、綿花などの農産物を輸入し、石炭、肥料、スクラップなどを輸出する。ドイツの大郵船会社北ドイツ・ロイド社は、1857年にここに設立された。工業では、貿易と関連する造船、機械、たばこ、食品のほか、繊維、自動車、金属加工などが重要である。州の行政機関、連邦の郵政・海運などの機関があり、文化施設も整っている。第二次世界大戦の戦災で中世の妻入の市民家屋や公共建造物が破壊されたが、マルクト(市場)広場の周りの司教座教会聖ペトリ大聖堂(12世紀創建)、ルネサンス様式の市庁舎(1405~09)、ギルド館(16世紀)、市の守護神の中世騎士ローラントの像(1404)などは再建された。マルクト広場の入口にグリム童話『ブレーメンの音楽隊』の像がある。

[齋藤光格]

歴史

市の歴史は、787年の司教座設置に始まる。845年大司教座に昇格し、スカンジナビアへのキリスト教布教の拠点となり、また888年市場開設特許状が皇帝より賦与された。1186年皇帝フリードリヒ1世によって都市自治が認められ、市民が大司教の都市支配から完全に脱したのは13世紀のことである。1358年ハンザ同盟に加入し、その有力な一員としてイングランド、ネーデルラントなどと貿易したが、内部的にはいわゆるギルド闘争に苦しみ、富裕市民の寡頭支配がかろうじて維持された。宗教改革では、最終的にはカルバン派が制し、1646年帝国自由都市となり、1815年ウィーン条約によって自由都市としての地位が内外に確認された。1827年外港ブレマーハーフェンを建設し、ハンブルクに次ぐドイツ第二の商港となった。

[瀬原義生]

[参照項目] | 帝国都市 | ハンザ同盟 | ハンブルク | ブレマーハーフェン | ブレーメンの音楽隊

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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