French architect. Born in Paris. Although he aspired to be a painter, his father, a royal building appraisal specialist, forced him to pursue architecture. At the age of 18, he became a lecturer at the National University of Civil Engineering (Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées). He was an educator active in the academic world throughout his life. As a result, he had many pupils, including J.N.L. Durand (1760-1834), and influenced the world of architecture. Although he did execute works such as the Alexandre House (1768) and the Brunois House (1772), he is known more for the importance of his unrealized plans than for the buildings he built. His drawings of grandiose buildings based on simple geometry, with their minimal ornamentation, seek to find architectural prototypes, and are a good indication of the neoclassical tendency of the time. He further experimented with radical forms, such as in his plan for the rebuilding of the Royal Library (1785), in which a huge semi-cylindrical vault with a skylight is placed over a reading room with four shelves, representing the infinite space of knowledge. The conical Memorial to the Dead (1784) is also a grandiose piece of architecture, with a large hemispherical space inside. Blais's design was stripped of most of the ornamentation, with only the classical ornaments remaining in places to show the scale of the architecture. The most famous Newton Memorial (1784) was a project dedicated to Newton, who was revered as the god of reason. It is a 150-meter diameter sphere standing on a circular base. Although it was impossible to achieve with the technology of the time, the perfection of the sphere expresses Newton's greatness. Light shines into the sphere through countless star-shaped holes, making the inside dark during the day like a planetarium, but at night, light is also suspended from the ceiling, shining out to the outside. While Bray emphasized the effects of light and shadow, the Newton Memorial is also an important work in that it introduced a time difference. Boullee was forgotten for a time, but after the 1930s, he was reevaluated through the research of architectural historian Emil Kaufmann (1891-1953). His simple geometric designs were positioned as new design principles that led to modernism. In Kaufmann's Three Evolutionary Architects: Boullee, Ledoux, Lequeu (1952), Boullee was regarded as a visionary architect representing the French Revolutionary period, and he influenced modern architects such as Louis Kahn. Bouquet's other plans include the Paris Opera (1781) and the Temple of Nature (1792), and his book Architecture (1790). [Taro Igarashi] "Architecture; Essai sur L'Art (1968, Hermann, Paris)" ▽ "Three Revolutionary Architects: Boullée, Ledoux, and Lequeu" by Emile Kaufmann, translated by Hidekazu Shirai (1994, Chuokoron-Bijutsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Jean-Marie Pérouse de MontclosÉtienne-Louis Boullée (1994, Flammarion, Paris)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの建築家。パリ生まれ。本人は画家を志したが、王室建造物鑑定専門審査官である父に強制され建築の道に進む。18歳で国立土木大学(エコール・デ・ポンゼショセ)の講師。終生、教育者としてアカデミズムの世界を舞台に活躍した。そのためJ・N・L・デュランJean Nicolas Louis Durand(1760―1834)など、多くの弟子をもち、建築界に影響を与えた。ブレーは、アレクサンドル邸館(1768)、ブリュノワ邸館(1772)などの実施作はあるものの、実現した建物よりも実現しなかった計画案の重要性により、その名を残した。 単純な幾何学にもとづいた壮大な建築のドローイングは、建築の原型を求める装飾の少ないデザインで、当時の新古典主義の傾向をよく示している。さらに過激な形態の実験を試み、王立図書館の再建計画(1785)では、4段の書架のある閲覧室に天窓をもつ巨大な半円筒のボールトを架け、無限の知の空間を表象する。円錐状の死者の記念堂(1784)も壮大な建築であり、内部に半球状の大きな空間をもつ。ブレーのデザインではほとんどの装飾がはぎとられ、建築のスケールを示すためにのみ、古典主義的な装飾が部分的に残されている。 最も著名なニュートン記念堂(1784)は、理性の神として崇(あが)められたニュートンに捧げたプロジェクトであり、直径150メートルの球体が円形の基壇(きだん)に立つ。当時の技術では実現不可能だが、球の完全性によりニュートンの偉大さを表現する。球体の内部には星の形をした無数の穴から光が差しこみ、昼は内部を暗くしプラネタリウムのようになり、発光体も吊るしているため夜は外部に光を放つという反転が起きる。ブレーは光と影の効果を強調していたが、ニュートン記念堂は時間差を導入したという意味でも重要な作品である。 しばらくブレーの存在は忘れられていたが、1930年代以降、建築史家エミール・カウフマンEmil Kaufmann(1891―1953)の研究によって再評価された。その単純な幾何学的デザインは、モダニズムにつながる新しい造形原理として位置づけられたのである。そしてカウフマンの『三人の革命的建築家――ブレ、ルドゥー、ルクー』Three Evolutionary Architects; Boullee, Ledoux, Lequeu(1952)によって、ブレーはフランス革命期を代表する幻想的な建築家とみなされ、ルイス・カーンなどの現代建築家に影響を与えた。 ブレーのそのほかの計画案にはパリ・オペラ座(1781)、自然の神殿(1792)など、著書には『建築』Architecture(1790)がある。 [五十嵐太郎] 『Architecture; Essai sur L'Art (1968, Hermann, Paris)』▽『エミール・カウフマン著、白井秀和訳『三人の革命的建築家――ブレ、ルドゥー、ルクー』(1994・中央公論美術出版)』▽『Jean-Marie Pérouse de MontclosÉtienne-Louis Boullée (1994, Flammarion, Paris)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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