Boulevard Theatre (English: theatre of the boulevard)

Japanese: ブールバール劇 - ぶーるばーるげき(英語表記)théâtre de boulevard
Boulevard Theatre (English: theatre of the boulevard)

A term for French popular comedy. Boulevard is a common noun meaning avenue, but after many changes, it has come to refer to popular plays for the masses performed in commercial theaters around the so-called Grands Boulevards in Paris.

At the end of the 18th century, many theaters were established around the Boulevard de la Temple, including the Théâtre du Gaité, the Théâtre du Ambigues Comique, and the Théâtre du Porte Saint-Martin. In the first half of the 19th century, these theaters performed Debureau's pantomimes, tightrope walking and other acrobatics, clowning, and melodramas written by Pixérecourt and others, which fascinated the public. Melodramas were popular plays in which an unfortunate beauty falls prey to a villain, and is miraculously saved after a turbulent life. Because there were many deaths in the plays, the Boulevard was also known as the Boulevard du Crime. After that, after the "Pieces bien fête" (well-made plays) by Scribe and others and the light comedies by Labiche in the second half of the 19th century, around 1900, Feydeau and Sacha Guitry established the current concept of boulevard theater based at the Théâtre de la Variété and other venues. This was due in large part to the contributions of such great actors as Coquelin and Regène. Many of these were comedies of manners woven around a love triangle between a husband, wife, and a lover, and were primarily intended to entertain the audience. They were similar to the earlier melodramas in that they lacked literary value, the drama progressed through chance, and the resolution was easy, but they were characterized by their witty, sexy, refined dialogue and acting, and stylish costumes, which captivated the audience. They satirized middle-class morals but did not directly criticize them, and they became established as plays that could be enjoyed casually, becoming a very French genre compared to the literary plays and avant-garde plays of the National Theatre. They flourished in this way until around 1930, but were forced to change with the times, and bitterness and irony were also mixed in. While there was a danger of them becoming mere farces, they also had a high possibility of taking on literary qualities through satire and poetry. Bourdet and Pagnol possessed both sides. Achard, Roussin, Anouilh, and Sagan are considered literary boulevards. Marc Camoletti (1923-2003), who had a hit with Boeing-Boing (1960), which was about flight attendants, and the female playwright Françoise Dorin (1928- ), whose sensitive and intelligent boulevard plays were also popular. Generally, boulevard plays only depict people from a private perspective, so they lack depth and often fall into the category of mere wordplay and entertaining descriptions of customs.

[Takashi Iwase and Hiroshi Ito]

"Selections of Contemporary World Plays 7" (1954, Hakusuisha)"Selections of Contemporary French Plays", 3 volumes (1960-61, Hakusuisha)"Today's French Theatre 3" (1966, Hakusuisha)"Masterpieces of Paris Boulevards" (1979, Gekishobo)"Melodrama - French Popular Culture" by J.M. Thomasseau, translated by Nakajo Shinobu (1991, Shobunsha)"Masterpieces of Contemporary French Theatre" by F. Delan, F. Sagan et al., translated by Shibata Kotaro (2001, Engeki Shuppansha)

[References] | Achard | Anouilh | Guitry (father and son) | Cochran | Sagan | Scribe | Debureau | Pagnol | Pixelecourt | Feydeau | French theatre | Bourdais | Melodrama | La Biche | Roussin | Legerine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの通俗喜劇の呼称。ブールバールは大通りを意味する普通名詞であるが、多くの変遷を経て今日では、パリのいわゆるグラン・ブールバール周辺の商業劇場で上演される大衆向けの通俗的な演劇をさすようになった。

 18世紀末にタンプル大通り周辺にゲテ座、アンビギュ・コミック座、ポルト・サン・マルタン座など多くの劇場が誕生した。これらの劇場では19世紀前半、ドビュローのパントマイム、綱渡りなどの曲芸、道化芸が演じられ、さらにピクセレクールらの書くメロドラマが上演されて民衆は熱狂していた。メロドラマは、薄幸の美女が悪漢の餌食(えじき)とされ、波瀾万丈(はらんばんじょう)のすえに奇跡的に救われるという調子の通俗劇であった。劇中の死者が多いので「犯罪大通り(ブールバール・デュ・クリム)」の別名も生まれた。その後、19世紀後半のスクリーブらの「うまくできた芝居(ピエス・ビアン・フェット)」やラビッシュの軽喜劇を経て、1900年前後にフェードーやサッシャ・ギトリらがバリエテ座などに拠(よ)り、現在のブールバール劇の概念を確立した。これにはコクラン、レジャーヌら名優の力も大きい。多くは夫と妻と愛人という三角関係の織り成す風俗喜劇で、客を楽しませることを第一目的とし、文学性が希薄で偶然によってドラマが進行し、解決が安易な点は先行のメロドラマと共通であるが、機知と色気に富む洗練された台詞(せりふ)や演技、しゃれた衣装などで観客を魅了する点に特色がある。中流階級のモラルを皮肉りはするが、正面切って批判はせず、気軽に楽しめる芝居として定着し、国立劇場系の文学的演劇や前衛劇に対し、きわめてフランス的なジャンルの一つとなった。こうして1930年ころまで隆盛をきわめたが、時代とともに変化を余儀なくされ、苦味や皮肉も混じってきた。単なる茶番に陥る危険がある一方、風刺と詩情によって文学性を帯びる可能性も高い。ブールデ、パニョルなどはその両面を備えていた。アシャール、ルッサン、アヌイ、サガンらは文学的なブールバールとされる。客室乗務員をテーマにした『ボーイング・ボーイング』(1960)で当たりをとったマルク・カモレッティMarc Camoletti(1923―2003)や女性劇作家のフランソアーズ・ドランFrançoise Dorin(1928― )の書く繊細で知的なブールバール劇も人気を博した。概してブールバール劇は私生活の面でしか人間を描かないので深みはなく、単なることば遊びや風俗描写の面白さだけに堕すことが多い。

[岩瀬 孝・伊藤 洋]

『『現代世界戯曲選集7』(1954・白水社)』『『現代フランス戯曲選集』全3巻(1960~61・白水社)』『『今日のフランス演劇3』(1966・白水社)』『『パリ・ブールヴァール傑作集』(1979・劇書房)』『J=M・トマソー著、中条忍訳『メロドラマ――フランスの大衆文化』(1991・晶文社)』『F・ドラン、F・サガン他著、柴田耕太郎訳『現代フランス演劇傑作選』(2001・演劇出版社)』

[参照項目] | アシャール | アヌイ | ギトリ(父子) | コクラン | サガン | スクリーブ | ドビュロー | パニョル | ピクセレクール | フェードー | フランス演劇 | ブールデ | メロドラマ | ラビッシュ | ルッサン | レジャーヌ

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