Jakob Burckhardt

Japanese: ブルクハルト - ぶるくはると(英語表記)Jakob Burckhardt
Jakob Burckhardt

Swiss historian and cultural historian. Born in Basel to a Protestant pastor, he initially studied theology. From the autumn of 1839 he studied history at the University of Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1843 with his thesis "Karl Martel". During his time in Berlin he was taught by the historian Ranke and the art historian Franz Theodor Kugler (1808-58), who greatly influenced him. He returned to Basel to obtain his professorship, and in 1845 became an associate professor at the University of Basel. In the summer of 1847 he went to Berlin to expand and revise Kugler's Outlines of Art History, and stayed in Rome twice around the same time. He lectured in Basel from 1848 to 1855, and his first major work, Die Zeit Konstantins des Großen (1853), was born from these lectures. Cicerone (1855), considered a masterpiece in art history, was written based on his experience of touring various parts of Italy for about a year from March 1853, and served as a guide to appreciating Italian artworks. In the autumn of 1855, he was invited to teach the newly established chair of art history at the Federal Polytechnic University in Zurich, where he became friends with the literary scholar Gottfried Keller. From 1858 to 1893, he was a full professor at the University of Basel, where he produced his masterpiece The Culture of the Italian Renaissance (1860). This book showed the birth of the modern world on Italian soil, and depicted the movements of individual human beings and the nation as a work of art. Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien (History of the Italian Renaissance) (1867) was a systematic description of architectural art, but he did not publish any other books until his death in 1897. In 1882, he was invited to the University of Berlin as Ranke's successor, but he remained in Basel. After his death, many of his posthumous works were published by his students. Notable examples include "A History of Greek Culture" (1898-1902) and "Reflections on World History" (1905). He rejected the concept of development that gives rise to an optimistic belief in progress, and did not place importance on the historical development of events. Instead, he captured static images through a timeless awareness, and placed typical and repetitive things at the center of his research and description.

[Yasushi Morita]

"The Culture of the Italian Renaissance, Vol. 1 and 2 (Chuko Bunko), translated by Shibata Jisaburo " "Considerations on World History, translated by Fujita Kenji (1981, Nigensha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スイスの歴史家、文化史家。バーゼルの新教派牧師の子に生まれ、最初神学を学んだ。1839年秋以降ベルリン大学で歴史学を学び、43年論文「カール・マルテル」Karl Martelで博士の学位をとった。ベルリン時代には歴史家ランケと美術史家クーグラーFranz Theodor Kugler(1808―58)の指導を受け、多大な影響を受けた。バーゼルに戻って教授資格をとり、45年バーゼル大員外教授。47年夏、師クーグラーの『美術史綱要』の増補改訂のためにベルリンに行き、その前後の時期に二度ローマに滞在。48年から55年までバーゼルで講義活動をし、そのなかから彼の最初の主要著作『コンスタンティヌス大帝時代』Die Zeit Konstantins des Großen(1853)が生まれた。美術史上の傑作といわれる『チチェローネ』(1855)は、1853年3月から約1年間イタリア各地を巡った経験を踏まえて、イタリアの美術作品の鑑賞手引書の役割を果たした。55年秋より新設されたチューリヒの連邦工業大学美術史講座に招かれ、文学者ゴットフリート・ケラーと親交を結んだ。58年から93年までバーゼル大学の正教授として活躍し、一大傑作『イタリア・ルネサンスの文化』(1860)を生んだ。この書によって、イタリアの地における近代世界の誕生を示し、個性的人間のうごめきと芸術作品としての国家を描いた。『イタリア・ルネサンスの歴史』Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien(1867)は建築芸術を対象に体系的叙述をなしたものであるが、これ以後97年に死ぬまで、彼は著書の発表をしなかった。82年にランケの後任としてベルリン大学に招かれたが、バーゼルにとどまった。死後、弟子たちにより多数の遺稿が発表された。代表的なものに『ギリシア文化史』(1898~1902)、『世界史的省察』(1905)などがある。彼は楽観的な進歩信仰を生む発展概念を退け、できごとの発展史的経過を重視せず、没時間的認識により静的な画像をとらえ、類型的なもの、反復するものを研究・叙述の中心に据えた。

[森田安一]

『柴田治三郎訳『イタリア・ルネサンスの文化』上下(中公文庫)』『藤田健治訳『世界史的諸考察』(1981・二玄社)』

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