Lay service - Zaikeyaku

This was one of the collection systems that was widely practiced in manors and imperial lands in the Middle Ages. A residence, residential land, and attached gardens and fields were collectively called a zaike, and this was used as a tax unit to collect labor duties, as well as products such as silk, cloth, pottery, ramie, and lacquer, and their corresponding taxes. The munabechiyaku (sen) tax, which was common in the late Middle Ages, can also be said to have descended from zaike taxes. In the Kinai and Saigoku regions, the myo system was well developed, so this system complemented the myo collection, but in cities and towns it formed the core of the collection system. In the eastern and northern parts of the country, too, the common form of existence was that of a zaike with attached fields, so it often formed the core of the collection system as well. Lay labor can be traced back to the yoeki, cho, and yo systems under the Ritsuryo system. Although yoeki, cho, and yo were collected as per capita levies, as the Ritsuryo system collapsed, at first most of them were transformed into denritsu zoji (miscellaneous duties on rice fields) and were collected through fumyo and other methods. Eventually, in the Kinai and Kinki regions from the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 12th century, first the power of the kokuga (provincial government offices) such as gunji, and then the manor lords, came to grasp fields and lay people as units for collection, and lay labor was established, but the circumstances of its establishment in border regions remain unclear.

[Kenji Iinuma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中世に荘園(しょうえん)・公領で広く行われた収取制度の一つ。住居と宅地それに付属の園・畠をあわせて在家とよび、これを賦課単位として夫役(ぶやく)や絹・布・陶器・苧(からむし)・漆(うるし)などの生産物およびその代銭を徴収した。中世後期に一般的にみられる棟別役(むなべちやく)（銭(せん)）も在家役の系譜を引くといえる。畿内(きない)や西国では名(みょう)の制度が発達したので、名の収取を補完するものであったが、都市や町場などでは収取制度の中核をなした。また、東国・東北でも、在家に田地が付属する田在家(たざいけ)が一般的存在形態であったので、同様に収取制度の中核をなすことが多かった。在家役は律令制(りつりょうせい)下の徭役(ようえき)、調(ちょう)、庸(よう)の系譜を引く。徭役、調、庸は人頭別賦課で徴収されていたが、律令体制の崩壊するなかで、初めは大部分が田率雑事(でんりつぞうじ)へ転化し、負名(ふみょう)などを通じて収取されるようになる。やがて、畿内・近国では11世紀末～12世紀初頭に、まず郡司(ぐんじ)などの国衙(こくが)勢力、次に荘園領主によって畠地(はたち)や在家が収取の単位として把握されるようになり、在家役が成立するが、辺境地域における成立事情は不明といわざるをえない。

［飯沼賢司］

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