British astronomer. Founder of the Greenwich Observatory. Born to a wheat merchant in Denby near Derby, he dropped out of school at age 16 due to rheumatism and spent seven years studying astronomy on his own. In 1670, he was recognized for his prediction calculations of stellar occultations and was made a member of the Royal Society, and was allowed to apply to Cambridge University. While at the university, he attempted to determine the solar parallax (mean distance from the Earth) by observing the transit of Venus across the Sun in 1672. At the time, the national interest prompted the development of astronomical navigation, which was necessary for overseas expansion. He proposed this to King Charles II, and construction of the Royal Observatory began in 1675. Observations began in 1689, but he invested his own money in the construction and installation of the instruments, and became the first director upon completion. The results of the establishment of the observatory were the publication of the British Star Catalogue and the Celestial Atlas, which were used as basic sources for Newton and Harry's theoretical calculations. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの天文学者。グリニジ天文台の創設者。ダービー近郊のデンビーの麦商の家に生まれ、16歳でリウマチにかかり学校を中退、7年間もっぱら天文学を熱心に独学した。1670年星食(掩蔽(えんぺい))に関する予報計算が認められて、王立協会会員に加えられたうえ、ケンブリッジ大学に書類入学を許された。在学中、1672年金星の太陽面通過の観測により太陽視差(地球の平均距離)の決定を試みた。当時、国益に促されての海外進出に必要な天文航法のために月の運行表や潮汐(ちょうせき)表の整備が必要となった。これをチャールズ2世に建議して、1675年に王立天文台の建設が着工された。観測開始は1689年となったが、器械の工作・設置には私財を投じて、完成と同時に初代台長に就任した。天文台設立の成果は『大英恒星目録』と『天球図譜』の刊行となり、ニュートンやハリーの理論計算に基本資料として重用された。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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