Bukharin (English notation) Nikolay Ivanovich Buharin

Japanese: ブハーリン - ぶはーりん（英語表記）Николай　Иванович　Бухарин／Nikolay Ivanovich Buharin

Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. Born in Moscow as the son of a teacher. Influenced by the 1905 Revolution, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1906 and became a Bolshevik. In 1907, he entered the Department of Economics at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. In 1908, he joined the leadership of the Moscow Committee of the party, and after repeated arrests and releases, he was exiled to Arkhangelsk Governorate in 1911, from where he fled to Western Europe. Bukharin came into contact with Lenin and was greatly influenced by him, and he emerged as a theorist. After the outbreak of World War I, he went to the United States, where he edited the anti-war internationalist newspaper "New World" with Trotsky and others, and wrote "Imperialism and the World Economy" (1915) and "On the Theory of the Imperialist State" (1916). This influenced Lenin's theory of imperialism and the state.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia via Yokohama and was active in the party and Soviet in Moscow. He was elected as a Central Committee member at the 6th Party Congress (until 1934, and then as a Central Committee candidate until 1937). After the October Revolution, he became editor-in-chief of the party's organ, Pravda. In the internal party debate over the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, he advocated a revolutionary war with Germany. He also opposed Lenin as a left-wing communist in the subsequent debate over the line of socialist construction, but later admitted his error. Since the founding of Comintern (Third International) in 1919, he has held important positions there and won worldwide fame as a theorist, writing works such as The ABCs of Communism (co-authored with Preobrazhensky, 1919) and Historical Materialism (1921). During the New Economic Policy (NEP) period, he advocated "socialism in one country" through reconciliation with the peasants and gradual industrialization, and in 1924 he became a member of the Politburo and formed a majority in the party with Stalin. In 1927-1928, he came into conflict with Stalin, who advocated the introduction of "emergency measures" in the face of a grain procurement crisis and rapid industrialization, and formed the "Right-wing Opposition" with Rykov and Tomsky (1880-1936), but in 1929 he was removed from Comintern positions and the Politburo, leading to his downfall.

In 1933, he criticized himself, was appointed editor-in-chief of the government newspaper Izvestia, and played a major role in drafting the "New Constitution" in 1936, but was arrested in February 1937 during the Great Purge, and was declared an agent of fascism at a public trial in March 1938 and executed. Efforts to restore his honor had been spreading within Russia since the Soviet era, but in 1988, 50 years after his death, with the onset of perestroika, the Soviet Supreme Court revoked his conviction for treason, and he was rehabilitated.

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

"The Materialistic View of History" and "Imperialism" edited by Sano Manabu (1929, 1930, Hakuyosha)" ▽ "Selected Works of Bukharin 1: Theory of Transitional Economics - General Theory of the Transformation Process" translated by Kunigo Shigeru ▽ "Selected Works of Bukharin 2: Notes from an Economist - On the Beginning of a New Economic Year" translated by Wada Toshio et al. ▽ "Selected Works of Bukharin 3: World Economy and Imperialism" translated by Sato Hiroshi et al. (1969, 1970, Gendai Shichosha) " ▽ "Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution" by S.F. Cohen, translated by Shiokawa Nobuaki (1979, Miraisha)" ▽ "From Fall to Execution: Bukharin" by Roy Alexandrovich Medvedev, translated by Ishido Kiyomichi (1979, San-ichi Shobo)" ▽ "Memories of My Husband Bukharin" by Anna Larina, translated by Akiko Wada (1990, Iwanami Shoten)" "The Bukharin Trial, edited by Trotsky, translated by Hideo Suzuki and Masanori Kikuchi, new edition (1991, Rokusaisha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシアの革命家、ソ連の政治家。モスクワで教師の子として生まれる。1905年革命の影響を受け、1906年にロシア社会民主労働党に入党、ボリシェビキに属した。1907年モスクワ大学法学部経済学科入学。1908年党モスクワ委員会の指導部に入り、逮捕と釈放を繰り返したのち、1911年にアルハンゲリスク県に流刑され、そこから西ヨーロッパに逃走した。ブハーリンはここでレーニンと接触して大きな影響を受け、理論家として頭角を現した。第一次世界大戦勃発(ぼっぱつ)後アメリカに渡り、トロツキーらと反戦国際主義派の『新世界』紙を編集し、『帝国主義と世界経済』（1915）、『帝国主義国家の理論によせて』（1916）を執筆。これはレーニンの帝国主義論、国家論形成に影響を与えた。

　1917年の二月革命後、横浜経由で帰国し、モスクワの党とソビエトで活躍。第6回党大会で中央委員（～1934。その後1937年まで中央委員候補）に選ばれた。十月革命後は党機関紙『プラウダ』編集長。ブレスト・リトフスク講和条約締結問題をめぐる党内論争では、ドイツとの革命戦争を主張。またその後の社会主義建設路線をめぐる論争でも左翼共産主義者としてレーニンと対立したが、のち誤りを認めた。1919年のコミンテルン（第三インターナショナル）創設以来、その重職を占めるとともに『共産主義のABC』（プレオブラジェンスキーとの共著、1919）、『史的唯物論』（1921）などを著し、理論家として世界的な名声を博した。ネップ（新経済政策）期に入ると、農民との和解と漸進的な工業化による「一国社会主義」を主張、1924年に政治局員となり、スターリンと党内多数派を形成した。1927～1928年、穀物調達危機に際しての「非常措置」の導入や急激な工業化路線を主張するスターリンと対立、ルイコフ、トムスキー（1880―1936）らと「右翼反対派」を形成したが、1929年にはコミンテルンの役職や政治局から排除され、失脚した。

　1933年には自己批判し、政府機関紙『イズベスチア』の編集長に任命され、1936年の「新憲法」起草に大きな役割を果たしたが、大粛清のなかで1937年2月に逮捕され、1938年3月の公開裁判でファシズムの手先と宣告、処刑された。彼の名誉回復の動きはソ連時代からロシア国内でも広がっていたが、死後50年たった1988年、ペレストロイカに伴い、ソ連最高裁判所は国家反逆罪の判決を撤回、名誉回復がなされた。

［藤本和貴夫］

『佐野学編『唯物史観』『帝国主義論』（1929、1930・白揚社）』▽『救仁郷繁訳『ブハーリン著作選1　過渡期経済論――転形過程の一般理論』』▽『和田敏雄他訳『ブハーリン著作選2　経済学者の手記――新しい経済年度の開始によせて』』▽『佐藤博他訳『ブハーリン著作選3　世界経済と帝国主義』（1969、1970・現代思潮社）』▽『S・F・コーエン著、塩川伸明訳『ブハーリンとボリシェヴィキ革命』（1979・未来社）』▽『ロイ・アレクサンドロヴィチ・メドヴェーデフ著、石堂清倫訳『失脚から銃殺まで=ブハーリン』（1979・三一書房）』▽『アンナ・ラーリナ著、和田あき子訳『夫ブハーリンの想い出』上下（1990・岩波書店）』▽『ソ連司法人民委員部、トロツキー編著、鈴木英夫・菊池昌典訳『ブハーリン裁判』新装版（1991・鹿砦社）』