Hooke, Robert

Japanese: フック（英語表記）Hooke， Robert

Born: July 18, 1635, Freshwater, Isle of Wight
[Died] March 3, 1703, London. British natural philosopher and physicist. He had a brilliant imagination and a talent for experiments, and his activities were wide-ranging and diverse. He studied at Oxford University, and as head of experiments at the Royal Society (1662), a member (1663), and secretary (1677-82), he made great efforts to promote the experimental philosophy of the Royal Society at that time. He was professor of geometry at Gresham College (1665). While assistant to R. Boyle (1655), he and Boyle began to work on improving the vacuum pump, and used it to study the properties of air, particularly the change in atmospheric pressure with altitude, which is of great significance. In 1660, he formulated Hooke's law regarding the elongation of elastic bodies, and based on this knowledge, invented the spring clock. He was also skilled in using microscopes, and discovered the existence of cells in plants. He suggested that gravity can be measured using the motion of a pendulum, that the common center of gravity of the Earth and Moon describes an elliptical orbit around the Sun, and that gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, which inspired Newton to write "Principia." In optics, he also made a major contribution by clarifying the periodicity of light through his research into the appearance of colors on thin films (interference phenomenon). He had a long debate with Newton over the problems of gravity and light.

Hook
Hook, Theodore Edward

Born: September 22, 1788, London
[died] August 24, 1841, London. British playwright and novelist. Author of social novels such as Maxwell (1830) and Jack Brag (37). The model for Mr. Wagg in Thackeray's Vanity Fair.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1635.7.18. ワイト島，フレッシュウォーター
[没]1703.3.3. ロンドン
イギリスの自然哲学者，物理学者。優れた発想と実験の才能をもち，その活動は広範・多彩であった。オックスフォード大学に学び，ロイヤル・ソサエティの実験主任 (1662) ，同会員 (1663) ，同書記 (1677～82) として当時のロイヤル・ソサエティの実験哲学の推進に尽力。グレシャム・カレッジ幾何学教授 (1665) 。 R.ボイルの助手時代 (1655) ，ボイルとともに真空ポンプの改良に着手し，それを用いて空気の諸性質の研究，とりわけ大気圧の高度による変化を明らかにした意義は大きい。また，1660年には弾性体の伸びに関するフックの法則を定式化，その知見をもとにぜんまい時計を考案。また顕微鏡の取り扱いに優れ，植物について細胞の存在を発見した。振り子の運動を利用して重力を測定できること，地球-月の共通重心が太陽のまわりの楕円軌道を描くこと，重力が距離の2乗に逆比例することなどを示唆し，ニュートンの『プリンキピア』執筆へのきっかけを与えた。光学でも，薄膜に現れる色 (干渉現象) の研究によって光の周期性を明らかにした功績は大きい。重力，光の問題をめぐってニュートンと長く論争した。