A humorous, light-hearted dialogue style in the entertainment industry. Often performed by a duo of two people. [Soya Mukai] From Banzai (banzai) to ManzaiIt is a modernized version of Manzai, which originated in Kamigata (Kansai) in the late Meiji period and gradually changed to "Manzai", "Manzai", and "Manzai". The original form was created by adding the humor of Osaka Niwaka (Nirinka) to the dialogue between the traditional Manzai tayu and saizō, and there is a theory that the name was later changed to Manzai because it required a wide range of talents. From the end of the Meiji period, it also made its way onto the stage, and the group led by Tamagoya Entatsu (1864/1865-1944) and Sunagawa Sutemaru, who came from Goshu Ondo, became popular. The form was accompanied by music, and many gestures were used, such as one person beating a drum while singing and the other hitting the other with a fan. The duo Yokoyama Entatsu and Hanabishi Achako (Entatsu-Achako), who performed at the Sankokan in Tamatsukuri, Osaka in 1930 (Showa 5), breathed fresh air into this musical style of manzai. The pair, who had no musical talent whatsoever, were a huge hit with their innovative storytelling skills, and this became the origin of the so-called "shabekuri manzai." It is said that this success prompted Yoshimoto Kogyo, the company to which the pair belonged, to rewrite manzai into manzai. Akita Minoru, who joined Yoshimoto Kogyo's literary department in 1934, wrote the scripts one after another, and continued to make significant contributions to this field. Gradually, manzai faded into obscurity, and after 1935 it was largely dominated by manzai, which gave rise to famous comedy duos such as Ashinoya Gangyoku (1894-1960) and Hayashida Juro (1900-1967), and Miss Wakana (1910-1946) and Tamamatsu Ichiro (1906-1963), and flourished nationwide through radio. The duo that remained to the end in the classical manzai style, dressed in family crested haori and hakama and holding drums, was Sunagawa Sutemaru and Nakamura Haruyo (1897-1975). Meanwhile, in Tokyo, signs of the popularity of talk-style manzai came to Tokyo from Osaka in 1914 (Taisho 3). At the end of the Taisho period, Azuma Kiyokoma, a former rice wholesaler, teamed up with Kiyoshi, and in 1933 (Showa 8), the duo Regal Senta (1901-1980) and Mankichi (1894-1967) debuted, as did Namiki Ichiro (1912-year of death unknown) and Utsumi Toppa (1915-1968) in 1940, who became central figures in talk-style manzai in Tokyo. [Soya Mukai] The latest developments in the East and West manzai worldAfter the Second World War, in Tokyo in 1955, 50 groups of manzai comedians came together to form the Manzai Research Society, with the aim of promoting communication and friendship among the groups and improving their art. Regal Mankichi was appointed chairman, but the society was dissolved in 1964, and the Manzai Kyodan was established, with Columbia Top (1922-2004) as chairman. In 1998, Utsumi Keiko (1923-2020) was appointed chairman. She continued to serve as chairman even after the society was renamed the Manzai Kyokai in 2005, serving in that position until 2007. During that time, many famous comedians have appeared, including Shokakuya Chiyowaka (1908-2000) and Chiyogiku (1915-1996), Shishitenya (1924-?), Seto Wanya (1926-1993), Kasuga Sankyu (1933- ), and Teruyo (1935-1987), Two Beat (Beat Takeshi and Kiyoshi, 1949- ), and Bakusho Mondai (Ota Hikari, 1965- , Tanaka Yuji, 1965- ). ), and Osaka has produced many famous baseball players such as Nakata Daimaru (1913-1982), Rackett (1920-1997), Miyako Chocho (1920-2000), Nanto Yuji (1924-1973), Yumeji Itoshi (1925-2003), Kimi Koishi (1927-2011), Yokoyama Yasushi (1944-1996), Nishikawa Kiyoshi (1946-), All Hanshin (1957-), Giants (1951-), Miyagawa Daisuke (1949-), and Hanako (1954-). Generally speaking, it is said that Osaka manzai appeals to the emotions, while Tokyo manzai appeals to the reason; this is likely because the Osaka dialect itself has an atmosphere that is well suited to the dialogue of manzai, while Tokyo dialect lacks this humor, and so is forced to resort to using logic to make people laugh. [Soya Mukai] "Compilation of Materials on Popular Performing Arts 7: Vaudeville IV" edited by Kojima Teiji (1980, Sanichi Shobo)" ▽ "History of Osaka Comedy" by Akita Makoto (1984, Editorial Studio Noah)" ▽ "History of Comedy in the Kamigata Period during the Showa Period" by Mita Junichi (1994, Gakugei Shorin)" ▽ "Introduction to Kamigata Manzai" by Aiba Akio (1995, Kobun Publishing)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Introductory Manzai" by Aiba Akio (2001, Kobun Publishing)" [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
滑稽(こっけい)な軽口問答をする寄席(よせ)演芸。2人のコンビによることが多い。 [向井爽也] 万歳(万才)から漫才へ万歳(まんざい)の近代化したもので、明治後期に上方(かみがた)(関西)から発生し、「万歳」「万才」「漫才」と順次変わっていった。古来の万歳の太夫(たゆう)と才蔵(さいぞう)による掛合(かけあい)に大阪俄(にわか)(仁輪加)などのおもしろさを加味してできたのがその原型で、万(よろず)の才能を要求されることから、のちに万才と書き改めるようになったとの説もある。明治末期から舞台にも進出、玉子家円辰(たまごやえんたつ)(1864/1865―1944)の一派、続いて江州(ごうしゅう)音頭出身の砂川捨丸(すながわすてまる)らが人気を集めた。形式は音曲をあしらい、歌い語りながら一方が鼓を打ち、他方が扇子で相手をたたいたりするしぐさを多く用いた。この音曲風の万才に新風を吹き込んだのが、1930年(昭和5)に大阪・玉造(たまつくり)の三光館に出演した横山エンタツ・花菱(はなびし)アチャコ(エンタツ‐アチャコ)のコンビである。音曲をまったく不得手とした2人が斬新(ざんしん)な話術をもって大受けしたもので、これがいわゆる「しゃべくり漫才」の元祖となった。その成功を機に、両人の所属する吉本興業が万才を漫才に書き改めたともいわれる。1934年に吉本興業文芸部に入った秋田実が台本を次々と書き、その後もこの分野で多大な貢献をした。しだいに万才は影を潜め、1935年以降はおおむね漫才の制するところとなり、芦乃屋雁玉(あしのやがんぎょく)(1894―1960)・林田十郎(1900―1967)、ミスワカナ(1910―1946)と玉松一郎(1906―1963)といった名コンビが生まれ、ラジオを通じて全国的にも隆盛となった。紋付羽織袴(はかま)姿で鼓を持った古典的な万才の型を最後まで捨てなかったのは砂川捨丸・中村春代(1897―1975)のコンビであった。 一方、東京では、1914年(大正3)に大阪から万歳の一行が上京したのを機に普及の兆しをみせ、大正末期に米問屋出身の東喜代駒(あずまきよこま)が喜代志と組んだのをはじめ、1933年(昭和8)にリーガル千太(1901―1980)・万吉(1894―1967)、1940年に並木一路(いちろ)(1912―没年不詳)・内海突破(うつみとっぱ)(1915―1968)のコンビがそれぞれデビュー、東京におけるしゃべくり漫才の中心的存在となった。 [向井爽也] 東西漫才界の近況第二次世界大戦後の東京では1955年(昭和30)に、横の連絡と親睦(しんぼく)および芸の向上を図るため漫才師50組が集まって「漫才研究会」を結成、リーガル万吉が会長に就任したが1964年に発展的解消、新たにコロムビア・トップ(1922―2004)を会長とした「漫才協団」が発足した。1998年には内海桂子(けいこ)(1923―2020)が会長に就任。2005年に「漫才協会」に改称した後も会長を続け、2007年まで務めた。その間、松鶴家(しょかくや)千代若(1908―2000)・千代菊(1915―1996)、獅子(しし)てんや(1924―?)・瀬戸わんや(1926―1993)、春日三球(かすがさんきゅう)(1933― )・照代(1935―1987)、ツービート(ビートたけし・きよし、1949― )、爆笑問題(太田光、1965― ・田中裕二、1965― )などが輩出、また大阪では中田ダイマル(1913―1982)・ラケット(1920―1997)、ミヤコ蝶々(ちょうちょう)(1920―2000)・南都雄二(なんとゆうじ)(1924―1973)、夢路いとし(1925―2003)・喜味(きみ)こいし(1927―2011)、横山やすし(1944―1996)・西川きよし(1946― )、オール阪神(1957― )・巨人(1951― )、宮川大助(1949― )・花子(1954― )などが活躍した。総じて大阪の漫才は感性に、東京の漫才は理性に訴えるとされているが、これは大阪弁そのものが漫才の掛合に適した雰囲気をもっているのに対し、東京弁はそうしたおもしろさに欠けるため、やむなく理屈で笑わせる方法をとっていることに起因しよう。 [向井爽也] 『小島貞二編『大衆芸能資料集成7 寄席芸Ⅳ』(1980・三一書房)』▽『秋田実著『大阪笑話史』(1984・編集工房ノア)』▽『三田純市著『昭和上方笑芸史』(1994・学芸書林)』▽『相羽秋夫著『上方漫才入門』(1995・弘文出版)』▽『相羽秋夫著『漫才入門百科』(2001・弘文出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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