Obligations to give up or deliver economic resources (assets) that a company controls as a result of past transactions or events, or their equivalent. They can be broadly divided into (1) legal obligations and (2) obligations that are not legal obligations but, like obligations, require the future reduction of assets or the provision of services. Items in (1) include accounts payable, bills payable, borrowings, and bonds, while items in (2) include liability provisions, unearned revenue, and accrued expenses. In practice, liabilities are broadly divided into current liabilities and non-current liabilities. Current liabilities are (1) liabilities arising from business transactions that are the main purpose of a company (accounts payable, bills payable, etc.), (2) liabilities arising from reasons other than (1) that are due within one year (short-term borrowings, etc.), (3) reserves that are expected to be used within one year (repair reserves, bonus reserves, etc.), and (4) accrued liabilities (prepaid revenue, accrued expenses). Fixed liabilities include (1) debts with payment due in more than one year (such as corporate bonds and long-term borrowings) and (2) reserves that are expected to be used in more than one year (such as retirement benefit reserves and special repair reserves). The valuation of liabilities has not been a major issue in the past. In other words, if it is a legal obligation, the amount is fixed by contract and will not change even if the value of money fluctuates, so it was thought that there was no need to evaluate it. Also, in the case of liability provisions, the amount has been determined by determining the amount of reasonably estimated future expenses or losses that corresponds to the current period's revenue. However, under recent accounting standards, it has become common to take into account the interest element for long-term liabilities. For example, in the case of retirement benefit provisions, retirement benefit obligations are calculated by discounting at a risk-free interest rate. Institutionally, as mentioned above, liabilities have the nature of negative assets and are based on the capital equation: assets - liabilities = capital. In contrast, theoretically, there is also an interpretation of liabilities based on the balance sheet equation: assets = liabilities + capital. From this perspective, liabilities, along with capital, are understood to represent a source of funding. [Katsunobu Bandai] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
過去の取引または事象の結果として、企業が支配している経済的資源(資産)を放棄もしくは引き渡す義務、またはその同等物。(1)法律上の債務と、(2)法律上の債務ではないが、債務と同じく、将来資産が減少しまたは役務を提供することを必要とするものに大別される。(1)に属するものには買掛金、支払手形、借入金、社債などが、(2)に属するものには負債性引当金、前受収益、未払費用などが属する。 負債は、実務上は流動負債と固定負債に大別される。流動負債に属するものは、(1)企業の主目的たる営業取引によって生じた債務(買掛金や支払手形など)、(2)(1)以外の原因によって生じた債務で、1年以内に支払期限の到来するもの(短期借入金など)、(3)引当金のうち、1年以内に使用される見込みのもの(修繕引当金、賞与引当金など)、(4)経過負債(前受収益、未払費用)である。 固定負債に属するものは、(1)1年を超えて支払期限が到来する債務(社債、長期借入金など)、(2)引当金のうち1年を超えて使用される見込みのもの(退職給付引当金、特別修繕引当金など)がある。 負債の評価については、従来あまり問題とされてこなかった。すなわち、法律上の債務であれば、契約によってその金額は確定しており、貨幣価値が変動してもその額は変わらないので、とくに評価の必要はないと考えられてきた。また、負債性引当金であれば、合理的に見積もられた将来の費用または損失のうち、当期の収益に対応する額を確定することにより金額は決まってきた。しかし、最近の会計基準では、長期の負債については利息要素を考慮することが一般的になってきている。たとえば、退職給付引当金でいえば、退職給付債務の算定には無リスクの利子率で割引計算が行われる。 制度上は、前記のように、負債はマイナスの資産という性質をもち、資産-負債=資本という資本等式に立脚している。これに対して、理論的には資産=負債+資本という貸借対照表等式に立脚した負債の解釈もある。この立場にたてば、負債は、資本とともに、資金の調達源泉を表していると解される。 [万代勝信] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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