Gastrostomy - Iro

Japanese: 胃瘻 - いろう
Gastrostomy - Iro

This is an artificial nutritional supplementation method for people who can no longer eat or drink through their mouth, where nutrients are fed into the stomach from a place other than the mouth to prevent choking. It is used by people who have difficulty eating due to dementia or cerebrovascular disease, people who cannot swallow due to neuromuscular disease, and people with stenosis of the esophagus or gastric cardia. The surgery to perform this procedure is called gastrostomy, and the standard method currently used is PEG (Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy). A small hole (approximately 5-6 mm in diameter) is made in the surface of the abdomen and the stomach wall, and a tube (catheter) is passed through. It was developed in the United States in 1979 and has become popular because it is easy to manage and places less of a burden on the patient. It is estimated that about 400,000 people in Japan use this method.

The advantage of using a gastrostomy is that it allows the patient to slowly receive nutrition not only in hospitals or nursing homes, but also at home, under the guidance of a doctor. A gastrostomy tube is fixed with an external stopper that holds the surface of the abdomen and an internal stopper that holds the inside of the stomach to prevent the tube from falling out. There are four types of external stoppers: a button type that allows the patient to move around easily and a tube type that is easy to connect to a feeding tube. There are four types of internal stoppers: a balloon type that is easy to replace and a bumper type that can be used for a long time. The device needs to be replaced every four to six months to prevent contamination and deterioration. A survey of dementia patients conducted by a Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare research team (2006-2008, 1,353 subjects) found that proper nutrition through a gastrostomy helped patients regain their strength, and 20% of patients were able to eat. However, gastrostomy has been criticized for causing ulcers and sores around the tube, which can be a burden and pain to patients, and for being used on terminally ill patients, it can lead to artificial life-prolonging measures. The Japanese Geriatrics Society and others are working on creating guidelines for the introduction of gastrostomy tubes for elderly people with dementia.

[Editorial Department]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

口から飲食できなくなった人に、誤えん防止などのため口以外の場所から胃に栄養分を入れる人工的栄養補給法。認知症や脳血管障害で摂食が困難になった人、神経筋疾患で物を飲み込めなくなった人、食道や胃噴門部に狭窄(きょうさく)がある人などが対象となる。この処理を行う手術を胃瘻造設術といい、現在、標準的に行われている方法はPEG(ペグPercutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy経皮内視鏡的胃瘻造設術)である。腹部の表面と胃壁に小さな穴(直径5~6ミリメートル程度)を開けて管(カテーテル)を通す。1979年にアメリカで開発され、患者の負担が少なく管理が容易であることから普及した。日本では約40万人が利用していると推定されている。

 医師の指導を受けた家族らが胃瘻を利用することで、病院や老人施設だけでなく自宅でもゆっくり栄養補給できる利点がある。胃瘻は管が抜けないよう、腹部の表面を留める外部ストッパーと胃の内側を留める内部ストッパーで固定する仕組みをとる。外部ストッパーには、患者が動きやすい「ボタン型」と栄養管につなぎやすい「チューブ型」、内部ストッパーには、交換が容易な「バルーン型」と長期間使える「バンパー型」の合計4種類がある。器具は汚染や劣化を防ぐため4か月から半年ごとに交換する必要がある。厚生労働省研究班の認知症患者を対象とした調査(2006年~2008年、対象1353人)では、胃瘻により適切な栄養摂取をすることで体力が戻り、患者の2割で食べる機能が回復したという。ただ胃瘻には、胃瘻の周辺に潰瘍(かいよう)やただれができやすく患者に負担や苦痛を与えるうえ、終末期の患者に行うことは人工的な延命処置につながりかねないとの批判がある。日本老年医学会などは認知症高齢者への胃瘻導入に関する指針づくりに取り組んでいる。

[編集部]

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