The process in which securities are issued and acquired by investors, and the process in which securities are circulated among investors, are collectively called the securities market. The former is called the (securities) issuance market, and the latter is called the (securities) secondary market. The securities dealt with here refer to a type of capital securities (fictitious capital securities), the most representative of which are bonds such as public and corporate bonds, and stocks. [Atsushi Oketa] Securities issuanceThe securities that are issued in the securities market are bonds, which are fixed-income securities, and stocks, which are dividend securities. The bond issuing market is specifically called the bond market. The stock secondary market and issuing market are collectively called the stock market, and are often treated separately. Bonds are divided into government bonds and corporate bonds depending on whether the issuer is a national or local government, or a general company. Government bonds are further divided into national bonds and local government bonds, while corporate bonds are divided into financial bonds issued by financial institutions and corporate bonds issued by business companies. On the other hand, stocks are issued by joint-stock companies. There are two methods of issuance: direct issuance and indirect issuance. In the former, the issuer bears the risks associated with issuance itself, while in the latter, the issuer transfers the risks to a third party. As for the offering method, for both, there is a self-offering conducted by the issuer itself, and a commissioned offering entrusted to a third party. [Atsushi Oketa] Securities UnderwritingIt refers to bearing the risk of issuance in an indirect issue. In Japan, before the Second World War, major banks organized syndicates (underwriting associations) to underwrite government bonds and corporate bonds, and securities companies only played the role of subcontractors, but the Securities and Exchange Act enacted in 1948 (Showa 23) prohibited banks and other financial institutions from underwriting government bonds, local government bonds, government-guaranteed bonds, etc., and securities underwriting became the sole responsibility of securities companies. There are two types of underwriting: purchase underwriting (purchase issue) and balance underwriting (contract issue). In the former, the underwriting agency purchases the issued securities at a fixed price and then sells them to the public at an appropriate time and price. In the latter, the issuing agency underwrites the issue by determining the underwriting price, offering price, and other conditions with the issuing entity, and guarantees that the underwriting agency will take over any unsold securities. In addition, when there is only one underwriting agency, it is called single underwriting, and when there are multiple underwriting agencies who jointly underwrite the securities by determining their share of the total amount, it is called joint underwriting. In this case, a syndicate is usually formed. A syndicate is assigned a managing agency, which handles the administrative tasks of arranging the underwriting conditions with the issuing agency, concluding the syndication agreement, and introducing the securities to the market. In addition, there are two methods for sharing the unsold securities: the non-split method (where the underwriting agency underwrites the securities according to the original contract regardless of the actual sales amount of each party) and the split method (where the underwriting agency only takes over the difference between the actual sales amount of each party). [Atsushi Oketa] Securities DistributionAs for public and corporate bonds, unlike stocks, there are few small investors and many large investors, so emphasis is placed on the issuance market rather than the secondary market. For example, demand is concentrated on high-quality corporate bonds, causing prices to rise and yields to fall, whereas demand for corporate bonds that are not attractive from an investment perspective is low, and they tend to be low-priced and have high yields, so corporate bonds are rated. In theory, the terms of securities issuance are regulated by the price formed in the secondary market, but the bond market after World War II has in effect lacked a secondary market, and it is believed that a mechanism based on a normal supply and demand relationship for bonds is not working, and various measures have been attempted to address this issue, but they have not yet produced any results. On the other hand, the secondary stock market is active, with large amounts of stock being bought and sold in an organized manner. Stock exchanges are in place as concrete secondary markets where prices are determined through normal price mechanisms, and the same is true for abstract secondary stock markets that include stock supply and demand factors. [Atsushi Oketa] current situationJapan's financial system is often considered to be a bank-oriented system centered on indirect financial routes, rather than a market-oriented system like those in the UK and the US. In fact, Japan's securities market before 1998 was not user-friendly, with many regulations and obstacles. This led to rapid reforms, known as the "Japanese version of the Financial Big Bang" (financial system reform), including the liberalization of fees, the abolition of the obligation to concentrate on exchanges, and the switch from a license system for securities businesses to a registration system. In addition, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act, which encompasses financial products, was enacted in June 2006 to replace the Securities and Exchange Act, and it can be said that the institutional structure as a global market is somewhat in place. However, the number of companies that can raise funds through the market is overwhelmingly smaller than in the United States. Specifically, while there are over 25,000 companies in the United States that can raise funds from exchanges and markets for emerging companies, there are only a little over 4,200 in Japan. Moreover, if we compare only the markets for emerging companies, the total number of companies in the United States, including NASDAQ's Small Cap, OTC Bulletin Board, Pink Sheets, and local markets, is about 20,000, while in Japan, the total number of stocks on Mothers, Ambitious, Centrex, Q Board, etc. is less than 500, showing an overwhelming difference in the breadth of the securities market. Historically, it is well known that new industries that will lead the next generation have emerged from the base of the securities market. In that sense, in order to expand the base of the Japanese securities market, it will be necessary to further deregulate and remove obstacles, as well as to strengthen the functions of the securities market itself. In addition, currently, the stock exchanges of each country are individually forming international alliances, and multiple markets are trying to build inter-market links and strengthen their competitiveness by standardizing trading systems and forming information networks. Problems that arise in this case are differences in systems and practices, particularly the issue of unifying securities settlement systems. In Japan, the enforcement of the Securities Settlement System Reform Act (Act No. 65 of 2002) has made it possible to carry out paperless trading of corporate bonds and other securities, creating an environment that is easier to form international alliances, but it seems necessary to continue to further promote international harmonization of methods and means of securities regulation and supervision, accounting standards, and other areas. [Maeda Takuo] "Yasuhiro Yonezawa (ed.), "Securities Market Reader" 2nd Edition (2006, Toyo Keizai Inc.) " "Takeshi Sato, "Basic Theory of the Securities Market" (2008, Tax Accounting Association)" [Reference items] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
有価証券が発行されて投資家に取得されるまでの過程、および投資家相互間で有価証券が流通する過程を総括して証券市場という。前者は(証券)発行市場とよばれ、後者は(証券)流通市場とよばれる。ここで扱われる有価証券は、その一種である資本証券(擬制資本証券)が意味されており、その代表的なものが公社債などの債券と株式である。 [桶田 篤] 証券の発行証券発行市場において発行の対象となるのは、確定利付証券である債券と、配当証券である株式である。債券の発行市場はとくに起債市場とよばれる。なお、株式の流通市場、発行市場をあわせて株式市場といい、区別して扱われることが多い。 債券は、発行主体が国または地方公共団体であるか、一般企業であるかによって、公債と社債に分かれる。公債はさらに国債と地方債、社債は金融機関によって発行される金融債と、事業会社によって発行される事業債に分かれる。他方、株式は株式会社の発行による。 発行方法には、直接発行と間接発行とがある。前者は発行者自らが発行に伴う危険を負担するもの、後者はこれに対して発行危険を第三者に負担させるものである。募集方法については、両者ともに発行者自らが行う自己募集と、第三者に委託する委託募集とがある。 [桶田 篤] 証券の引受け間接発行で発行危険を負担することをさす。日本では、第二次世界大戦前は国債と社債について大手銀行がシンジケート(引受け組合)を組織して引受け業務を行い、証券業者はその下請け的な役割を果たすにすぎなかったが、1948年(昭和23)に制定された証券取引法によって、銀行その他の金融機関は、国債、地方債、政府保証債などの引受けが禁止され、証券引受け業務は証券業者のみが扱うことになった。 引受けには、買取引受け(買取発行)と、残額引受け(請負発行)とがある。前者は、発行証券を確定価格で引受け機関が買い取り、その後適当な時期と価格で一般に売り出す方法であり、後者は、発行機関が発行主体との間で引受け価格、売出し価格、その他の条件を定めて発行を引き受け、売れ残り分は引受け機関が引き取ることを保証する方法である。さらに両者について、引受け機関が単独である場合を単独引受け、複数で分担額を定めて共同で引き受ける場合を共同引受けという。この場合にはシンジケートが結成されるのが普通である。シンジケートには幹事機関が定められ、それが発行機関との引受け条件の取決め、シンジケート契約の締結、証券の市場導入など事務処理にあたる。また、売れ残り分の分担方法については、不分割方式(各自の実際販売額と無関係に当初の契約どおりに引き受ける方法)と、分割方式(自己の実際販売額の差額だけを引き受ける方法)とがある。 [桶田 篤] 証券の流通証券のうち公社債については、株式のように零細な投資家は少なくて、大口資金の投資家が多いから、流通市場より発行市場に重点が置かれている。たとえば、優良社債に対して需要が集中し、価格騰貴や利回りの低下がおこるのに対して、投資的に妙味に欠ける社債に対する需要が少なく、低価格、高利回りとなる傾向が強いので、社債に格付けが行われる。理論上、証券の発行条件は流通市場で形成される価格に規制されるものとされているが、第二次世界大戦後の債券市場では、事実上、流通市場を欠き、債券に対する正常な需給関係に基づくメカニズムは働いていないとみられ、そのための種々の施策も試みられてはいるが、成果をあげるまでには至っていない。 他方、株式の流通市場は活発で、大量の株式の売買が組織的に行われている。正常な価格メカニズムによる価格形成が行われる具体的な流通市場としての証券取引所が完備し、株式の需給要因を含む抽象的な株式流通市場においても同様である。 [桶田 篤] 現状日本の金融システムは、そもそもイギリスやアメリカのような市場型システムMarket-oriented Systemではなく、間接金融ルートを中心とする銀行型システムBank-oriented Systemに位置づけられる場合が多い。実際、1998年(平成10)以前の日本の証券市場は、規制や障害が多く、使い勝手のよいものではなかった。そのため、手数料の自由化、取引所集中義務の廃止、証券業の免許制から登録制への切替えなど「日本版金融ビッグバン」(金融システム改革)といわれる矢つぎばやな改革が行われることになった。また、2006年6月には証券取引法にかわって、金融商品を包摂する金融商品取引法が制定され、グローバル市場としての制度的な体制は、ある程度整ったといえる。 しかし、市場を通じて資金調達ができる企業数は、アメリカに比べて圧倒的に少ないのが現状である。具体的には、アメリカで取引所や新興企業向け市場から資金調達できる企業数は2万5000社を超えているのに対して、日本では4200社余りしか存在しない。しかも、このうち新興企業向け市場だけを比較してみると、アメリカではNASDAQ(ナスダック)のスモールキャップSmall Cap、OTCブリティンボードOTC Bulletin Board、ピンクシートPink Sheets、そしてローカルマーケットLocal marketを合計すると約2万社程度であるのに対して、日本ではマザーズ、アンビシャス、セントレックス、Qボードなどをあわせて500銘柄にも満たない状態であり、証券市場の裾野(すその)の広がりに圧倒的な差があることがわかる。歴史的にみて、証券市場の裾野から次代を担う新しい産業が登場していることはよく知られている。その意味からも日本の証券市場の裾野が広がるように、さらなる規制緩和や障害を取り除くとともに、証券市場そのものの機能強化を進めていく必要があろう。 加えて、現状、各国の証券取引所はそれぞれ個別に国際的な提携を行い、複数の市場が取引システムの共通化や情報ネットワークの形成といった方法により、市場間リンクを構築し、競争力を強化させようとしている。この場合に問題になってくるのが、制度や慣行の違い、とくに証券決済システムの統一の問題である。日本においては証券決済システム改革法(平成14年法律第65号)の施行により、社債等のペーパーレス取引が可能になるなど、国際的な提携が行いやすい環境をつくりつつあるが、今後も証券に関する規制・監督の方法や手段、会計基準などの国際的調和を一段と進めていく必要があると思われる。 [前田拓生] 『米澤康博編『読本シリーズ 証券市場読本』第2版(2006・東洋経済新報社)』▽『佐藤猛著『証券市場の基礎理論』(2008・税務経理協会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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