Duopoly - English spelling: duopoly

Japanese: 複占 - ふくせん(英語表記)duopoly
Duopoly - English spelling: duopoly

Among oligopolies, in which there are a limited number of companies that supply the same product to the market and compete with each other, a duopoly is one in which there are only two suppliers. In perfect competition, there are many suppliers, and in monopoly, there is only one supplier, so in either case, the actions of one company do not affect the others. However, in duopoly or oligopoly, there are only a few suppliers, so the actions of the suppliers affect each other, and competition tends to become extremely fierce. In particular, in the case of a duopoly, these characteristics are often most acute.

There are various theories of duopoly theory based on behavioral hypotheses about how two companies will behave. A. A. Cournot, who first developed duopoly theory, used the behavioral hypothesis that duopoly companies determine their production volume to maximize their profits, assuming that the production volume of the other company does not change. H. von Stackelberg showed that duopoly companies consist of a leader and a follower, and that the equilibrium between the two can be stable or unstable (when both are leaders). There are many other models of duopoly theory, including those by J. L. F. Bertrand, A. L. Borly, F. Y. Edgeworth, and H. Hotelling.

[Koichi Hatanaka]

[Reference] | Oligopoly

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

市場に同じ商品を供給しながら相互に競争している企業が限られた少数である寡占のうち、供給者が2人だけの場合をとくに複占という。完全競争の場合には供給者が多数存在するし、独占の場合には供給者が1人しか存在しないので、いずれの場合にも一企業の行動は他企業に影響しない。ところが複占あるいは寡占の場合には、供給者が少数なので供給者相互の行動が影響しあい、競争がきわめて激しくなる傾向がある。とくに複占の場合には、このような特徴がもっとも鋭角的に現れることが多い。

 複占理論には、二つの企業がどのような行動をとるのかという行動仮説に従って種々の理論が存在する。複占理論を最初に展開したA・A・クールノーは、相手企業の生産量は変化しないとみなして、複占企業は自らの利潤が最大になるように生産量を決定するとする行動仮説を用いた。H・フォン・シュタッケルベルクは、複占企業は先導者と追随者からなり、両者の関係で均衡が安定となったり不安定(双方が先導者の場合)となったりすることを示した。複占理論にはこのほか、J・L・F・ベルトラン、A・L・ボーリー、F・Y・エッジワース、H・ホテリングなど多数のモデルが存在する。

[畑中康一]

[参照項目] | 寡占

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