A prehistoric culture that developed following the Basketmaker culture in the Anasazi subregion (present-day northern New Mexico and Arizona, and southern Colorado and Utah) in the northern southwestern part of North America. It is divided into Period I (approximately 1,300 to 1,100 years ago) and Period IV (approximately 600 to 300 years ago). It is characterized by an agricultural system unique to the New World, and large settlements made of adobe (sun-dried bricks) and stone masonry. The culture changed with the establishment of Spanish colonies from the 16th century onwards, but its unity has been maintained to the present day. The most developed period was the Pueblo III period (approximately 900 to 600 years ago), when stone collective dwellings were built in depressions formed in the cliffs of the valleys or on flat land. In particular, the Pueblo Bonito ruins in Chaco Canyon and the Cliff Palace ruins in Mesa Bird National Park are large defensive settlements consisting of three- to four-story dwellings and religious structures called kivas. Farmland was set up outside the settlements, and both rainwater was used and irrigation was provided by canals. Complex religious rituals developed around underground kivas. [Katani Yoshinori] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
北アメリカ南西部の北部地方、アナサジ亜領域(現在のニュー・メキシコ、アリゾナ両州の北部、およびコロラド、ユタ両州の南部地方)にバスケットメーカー文化に次いで発展した先史文化。Ⅰ期(約1300~1100年前)からⅣ期(約600~300年前)に分けられる。新大陸独自の農耕体系、アドベ(日干しれんが)や石積みの大規模集落に特徴づけられる。 16世紀以降スペイン人の植民地建設に伴い文化は変化したが、現在に至るまでその統一性は維持されている。もっとも発展したのはプエブロⅢ期(約900~600年前)で、渓谷の崖(がけ)に形成された窪(くぼ)みや平地に石積みの集合住居を建設した。とくにチャコ・キャニオンのプエブロ・ボニート遺跡やメサ・バード国立公園のクリフ・パレス遺跡は3~4階建ての住居と宗教的建造物であるキバKivaからなる防衛的な大集落である。農地は集落の外に設けられ、天水利用と水路による灌漑(かんがい)の両方がとられた。地下式のキバを中心に複雑な宗教儀礼が発達していた。 [小谷凱宣] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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