It refers to the use of naval power to block and suppress traffic to the ports and coasts of other countries. There are two types of blockade in international law: pacific blockade and blockade in time of war, but blockade is often used to mean wartime blockade. In peacetime blockade, only the ships and cargo of the blockaded country that cross the blockade line can be captured and detained, but they cannot be confiscated. Ships and cargo of third countries cannot be captured or detained. In the past, peacetime blockades were used as a means of retaliation, but the use of force in retaliation is now prohibited, so peacetime blockades are not permitted. In wartime blockade, not only the ships and cargo of enemy countries, but also the ships and cargo of third countries, i.e. neutral countries, can be captured and confiscated if they cross the blockade line. It does not matter whether the cargo is wartime prohibited or not. Since enemy ships are generally subject to capture and confiscation regardless of whether a blockade is in place, the primary function of a war blockade is to prevent neutral ships from engaging in commerce with the enemy. Thus, war blockades were linked to neutrality law, but this type of system has declined in both theory and practice. More recently, there have been cases where blockades were implemented as part of sanctions based on UN Security Council resolutions, such as the naval blockade of Iraq during the Gulf War. [Yasuo Ishimoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
海軍力によって他の国の港や海岸への交通を阻止し、抑圧することをいう。国際法で封鎖といわれるものに、平時封鎖pacific blockadeと戦時封鎖blockade in time of warとがあるが、単に封鎖といえば戦時封鎖をさすことが多い。平時封鎖の場合には、封鎖線を越えた船舶のなかで、封鎖された国の船舶・積み荷のみを拿捕(だほ)・抑留することが認められるが、没収はできない。第三国の船舶・積み荷は拿捕・抑留することもできない。かつては平時封鎖が復仇(ふっきゅう)の手段として用いられたが、現在では復仇として武力を行使することは禁止されているから、平時封鎖も許されない。戦時封鎖の場合には、敵国の船舶・積み荷のみならず、第三国すなわち中立国の船舶・積み荷でも封鎖線を越えれば捕獲・没収される。その積み荷が戦時禁制品たると否とを問わない。敵国船舶は封鎖の有無にかかわらず原則として捕獲・没収されるから、戦時封鎖の基本的な機能はむしろ中立国船舶による対敵通商を阻止することにある。このように、戦時封鎖は中立法規に関連するものであったが、法理的にも実際上でもこの種の制度は凋落(ちょうらく)している。最近では、湾岸戦争におけるイラクに対する海上封鎖のように、国連安全保障理事会の決議に基づく制裁の一部として封鎖が行われた例がみられる。 [石本泰雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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