Kwame Nkrumah

Japanese: エンクルマ - えんくるま(英語表記)Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah

Ghanaian politician. He was a leader of the Ghanaian liberation struggle, and served as prime minister and president of the independent nation of Ghana. He supported the national liberation struggles of African countries, and strongly advocated the unity of African countries and Pan-Africanism. Born in the west of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) as the son of a goldsmith, he graduated from a Catholic missionary school and studied at a teacher training school in Accra to become a teacher. In 1935, he traveled to the United States and studied economics, sociology, and theology at Lincoln University, education and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, and then taught political science at Lincoln University. During his time in the United States, he came into contact with Marxism and was influenced by Gandhi and Marcus Garvey of the "Return to Africa Movement." In 1945, he traveled to London to study law, where he participated in the activities of the West African Students' Union and collaborated with Pan-Africanist George Padmore. He served as a secretary for the Fifth Pan-African Congress held in Manchester in 1945. In 1947, he was appointed Secretary General of the newly organized United Gold Coast Congress (NGCC), but he came into conflict with moderates such as J.B. Danquah over the movement's policy, and in June 1949 he organized the Convention People's Party (CPP) himself and led the movement for immediate self-government. He ran in the general election of February 1951 from prison, and the CPP won, becoming Head of Government Affairs. He won the elections in June 1954 and July 1957, and in March 1957, the Gold Coast achieved independence as a country with the historic name of Ghana. When the country transitioned to a republic in July 1960, he became President. After independence, he promoted socialist policies to improve education and social welfare and promote industrialization, and in foreign affairs, he promoted the African Unity Movement together with Sékou Touré of Guinea and Modibo Keita of Mali.

In February 1966, while he was staying in Beijing, he was ousted in a military coup in his home country and went into exile in Guinea, but died in a hospital in Bucharest, Romania on April 27, 1972. Nkrumah's ideas of national liberation and Pan-Africanism have not lost their significance as ideas that were born during the period of independence and construction.

[Hiromitsu Nakamura]

"Autobiography to My Country" (1961, Rironsha) translated by Kanjiro Noma "Freedom for Freedom" (1962, Rironsha) translated by Kanjiro Noma "Africa Will Be United" (1964, Rironsha) translated by Kanjiro Noma

[References] | Organization of African Unity | Garvey Movement | Padmore

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ガーナの政治家。ガーナの独立解放闘争の指導者、独立国ガーナの首相・大統領として活動し、アフリカ諸国の民族解放闘争を支援し、アフリカ諸国の統一、汎(はん)アフリカ主義を強く主張した。ゴールド・コースト(黄金海岸、現ガーナ)の西部に金細工師の子として生まれ、カトリック派ミッション学校を卒業し、アクラの教員養成学校に学んで教員になった。1935年アメリカに渡航し、リンカーン大学で経済学、社会学、神学を、ペンシルベニア大学で教育学、哲学を専攻したのち、リンカーン大学で政治学を教えた。渡米中にマルクス主義に接し、ガンジーや「アフリカへの帰還運動」のマーカス・ガーベイの影響を受けた。1945年に法律を学ぶためロンドンに渡り、西アフリカ学生同盟の活動に参加し、汎アフリカ主義者のジョージ・パドモアと協働した。1945年マンチェスターで開かれた第5回汎アフリカ会議の書記局員として活動した。1947年、ゴールド・コーストに新たに組織された統一ゴールド・コースト会議(NGCC)の書記長に迎えられたが、運動方針をめぐってJ・B・ダンカーらの穏健派と対立し、1949年6月に自ら会議人民党(CPP)を組織し、即時自治獲得運動を指導した。1951年2月の総選挙に獄中から立候補し、CPPが勝利を獲得、政府事務首班に就任した。1954年6月、1957年7月の選挙に勝ち、1957年3月、ゴールド・コーストはガーナという歴史的な名称をもつ国として独立を達成した。1960年7月に共和制に移行した際、大統領に就任した。独立後、教育・社会福祉の充実、工業化の進展を図る社会主義化政策を進めるとともに、外政面ではギニアのセクー・トゥーレ、マリのモディボ・ケイタとともにアフリカ統一運動を進めた。

 1966年2月、北京(ペキン)滞在中に本国で軍事クーデターが起き失脚、ギニアに亡命していたが、1972年4月27日にルーマニアのブカレストの病院で死亡した。エンクルマの民族解放思想、汎アフリカ主義は、独立獲得・建設期に生まれた思想として、その意義は失われていない。

[中村弘光]

『野間寛二郎訳『わが祖国への自伝』(1961・理論社)』『野間寛二郎訳『自由のための自由』(1962・理論社)』『野間寛二郎訳『アフリカは統一する』(1964・理論社)』

[参照項目] | アフリカ統一機構 | ガーベイ運動 | パドモア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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