Philips (English spelling) Koninklijke Philips NV; Royal Philips

Japanese: フィリップス(英語表記)Koninklijke Philips N.V.; Royal Philips
Philips (English spelling) Koninklijke Philips NV; Royal Philips
The largest general electronics manufacturer in Europe, based in the Netherlands. It was founded in 1891 by Frederick and Gerald Phillips as a light bulb manufacturer called Philips & Company. Later, Gerald's younger brother Anton also joined the company, and the company was reorganized in 1912 to become the current company. In 1925, the company developed an X-ray device and entered the medical equipment and pharmaceutical fields. In 1927, the company developed a radio receiver. In the 1930s, the company expanded into gas-filled light bulbs, phonographs, and talkie projectors (→talkies). During this time, the company actively expanded internationally, establishing overseas subsidiaries one after another. After World War II, the company expanded into fluorescent lamps and televisions, dominating the markets in European countries and expanding its sales activities to almost the entire world. In 1971, the company announced the world's first video cassette recorder, but market expansion was delayed and the company was left behind by Japanese companies. The video disc that was introduced next did not sell well, but the compact disc (CD), which was developed together with Sony, swept the global audio equipment market. The company's business consists of the lighting division, which sells general and industrial lighting and automotive lamps, the home appliance division, which sells personal communication devices such as mobile phones, and the medical division, which focuses on X-ray equipment. The automotive equipment division was sold in 1998, and the audio/video equipment division and semiconductor division were sold in 2006.

Philips
Phillips, William D.

Born November 5, 1948. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Physicist. Full name: William Daniel Phillips. Received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976. Professor at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He was researching a method to freeze and capture atoms flying through the air by shining a laser beam on them. In 1985, Steven Chu of Stanford University succeeded in cooling sodium atoms to an absolute temperature of 240 μK (microkelvin, 1 μK = 1 millionth of K) using the Doppler cooling method. He joined the experiment and succeeded in cooling them to 40 μK using magnetic fields and laser beams. Claude Cohen-Tanuge of the Collège de France added theoretical analysis and cooled helium atoms to 0.18 μK, below the limit, and almost stopped them. The success of the three opened up a new field that could be called atomic optics, further improving the accuracy of atomic clocks and thereby expanding the possibilities for processing and measurement. The three were awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

Philips
Philippus

An antipope of the 8th century (reigned 768-7). After the death of Pope Paul I (reigned 757-767), many secular powers plotted to seize the papacy, and Prince Thoth of the Nepean Diocese installed his brother as Constantine II (antipope, reigned 767-768). In addition, Desiderius (reigned 756-774), the Lombard king, who sent troops to Rome to depose Constantine II, installed Philip, a monk of the St. Ouest monastery, as pope in July 768, with the support of some Romans. However, he was soon deposed, and in August 768, Stephen III (reigned 768-772) officially became pope, and Philip retired to the monastery.

Philips
Phillips, Wendell

Born November 29, 1811 in Boston, Massachusetts.
Died: February 2, 1884, Boston, Massachusetts. American lawyer and social reformer. Graduated from Harvard University. As an ardent abolitionist, he lectured all over the country, and his eloquence was unparalleled at the time. He supported abolitionist William L. Garrison and opposed the combination of the abolitionist movement with politics. During the Civil War, he attacked President Abraham Lincoln, who hesitated to immediately abolish slavery. After the abolition of slavery, he was active in women's suffrage, temperance, labor issues, prison improvement, and the American Indian protection movement.

Philips
Phillips, David Graham

Born October 31, 1867 in Madison, Indiana
[Died] January 24, 1911. New York. American journalist and novelist. After working as a reporter in Cincinnati, he worked as an editor for several newspapers, including the New York Tribune. He was one of the "muckrakers" who exposed social ills, and wrote 23 controversial novels, including The Treason of the Senate (1906) and Susan Lenox (17).

Philips
Phillips, Stephen

Born: July 28, 1864, Summertown, Oxfordshire
[died] December 9, 1915, Kent, Deal. British poet and playwright. He dropped out of Oxford University to join a theatre company, and wrote such plays in verse as Paolo and Francesca (1900) and Herod (01), based on his experiences there. He also wrote a collection of poems called Poems (1897).

Philips
Philipse, Frederick

Born: November 6, 1626, Friesland
[Died] 1702
A New York merchant during the American colonial period. He immigrated from the Netherlands to New Amsterdam around 1647. He made his fortune through trade with Native Americans, shell beads, and slave trade. He owned vast tracts of land along the Hudson River and established a manor in Philipsburg in 1693.

Philips
Phillips, Edward

[Birth] 1630
[Died] c.1696 English author. Nephew of the poet Milton. Author of the English dictionary The New World of Words (1658) and Theatrum Poetarum (75), a list of poets, past and present, with short critiques.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
オランダを本拠とするヨーロッパ最大の総合電機メーカー。1891年にフレデリック・フィリップス,ジェラルド・フィリップス父子が設立した電球製造会社フィリップス・アンド・カンパニーが前身で,のちにジェラルドの弟アントンも経営に参加,1912年改組して現社が設立された。1925年 X線装置を開発して医療機器,医薬品分野へ進出,1927年ラジオ受信機を開発,1930年代にはガス入り電球,蓄音機,トーキー映写機(→トーキー)に進出。この間積極的に国際展開し海外子会社を次々に設立。第2次世界大戦後はケイ光ランプ,テレビなどにも進出し,ヨーロッパ各国の市場を占有,その営業活動はほぼ全世界に及ぶ。1971年に世界初のビデオカセットレコーダを発表したが,市場展開が遅れ,日本企業の後塵を拝した。次いで投入したビデオディスクもふるわなかったが,ソニーとともに開発したコンパクトディスク CDは世界の音響機器市場を席捲した。事業内容は,一般・産業用照明および自動車用ランプの照明部門,携帯電話などパーソナル通信機器を含む家電部門,および X線撮影装置を主力とする医療部門からなる。自動車用設備部門は 1998年に,オーディオ・ビデオなどの音響機器部門と半導体部門は 2006年に売却。

フィリップス
Phillips, William D.

[生]1948.11.5. ペンシルバニア,ウィルクスバレ
アメリカ合衆国の物理学者。フルネーム William Daniel Phillips。1976年マサチューセッツ工科大学で博士号を取得。アメリカ国立標準技術研究所教授。空中を飛び回る原子にレーザー光をあてて静止させとらえる方法を研究していた 1985年,スタンフォード大学のスティーブン・チューがドップラー冷却法によってナトリウム原子を絶対温度で 240μK(マイクロケルビン。1μK=100万分の1K)まで冷却することに成功したのをうけて,実験に参加,磁場とレーザー光を使って 40μKまでの冷却に成功した。さらにコレージュ・ド・フランスの クロード・コーエンタヌジが理論的な解析を加えて,ヘリウム原子を限界以下の 0.18μKまで冷却し,ほぼ静止させた。3人の成功は原子光学ともいうべき新分野を切り開くもので,原子時計の精度をさらに向上させ,それによって加工や測定の可能性を広げた。3人の功績に対し 1997年ノーベル物理学賞が授与された。

フィリップス
Philippus

8世紀の対立教皇(在位 768.7)。教皇パウルス1世(在位 757~767)の死後,多くの世俗権力者が教皇座獲得をもくろみ,ネピ司教区のトート公は弟をコンスタンチヌス2世(対立教皇。在位 767~768)として登位させた。また,ローマに軍隊を送ってコンスタンチヌス2世を退位させたランゴバルド王デシデリウス(在位 756~774)は,一部のローマ人の支援を受け,768年7月にサン・ウィート修道院の修道士フィリップスを教皇として即位させた。しかしすぐに退位させられ,768年8月,ステファヌス3世(4世。在位 768~772)が正式に教皇となり,フィリップスは修道院に隠退した。

フィリップス
Phillips, Wendell

[生]1811.11.29. マサチューセッツ,ボストン
[没]1884.2.2. マサチューセッツ,ボストン
アメリカ合衆国の法律家,社会改革者。ハーバード大学卒業。熱烈な奴隷制廃止論者として各地で講演,その雄弁は当時随一のものであった。奴隷制廃止論者ウィリアム・L.ギャリソンを支持し,奴隷制廃止運動と政治との結合に反対。南北戦争中,奴隷制即時廃止をためらったエブラハム・リンカーン大統領を攻撃。奴隷制廃止後は女性参政権,禁酒,労働問題,刑務所改善,アメリカインディアン保護運動などで活躍。

フィリップス
Phillips, David Graham

[生]1867.10.31. インディアナ,マディソン
[没]1911.1.24. ニューヨーク
アメリカのジャーナリスト,小説家。シンシナティで記者をしたのち,『ニューヨーク・トリビューン』など数紙の編集に従事。社会悪を暴露する「マックレーカーズ」の一人で,『上院の大逆』 The Treason of the Senate (1906) などのほか,『スーザン・レノックス』 Susan Lenox (17) など 23編の問題小説を書いた。

フィリップス
Phillips, Stephen

[生]1864.7.28. オックスフォードシャー,サマータウン
[没]1915.12.9. ケント,ディール
イギリスの詩人,劇作家。オックスフォード大学を中退して劇団に身を投じ,その体験に基づいた『パオロとフランチェスカ』 Paolo and Francesca (1900) ,『ヘロッド』 Herod (01) などの詩劇を残した。『詩集』 Poems (1897) もある。

フィリップス
Philipse, Frederick

[生]1626.11.6. フリースランド
[没]1702
アメリカ植民地時代のニューヨークの商人。 1647年頃オランダからニューアムステルダムへ移民。インディアンとの交易,貝殻玉製造,奴隷貿易などで富をなした。ハドソン川沿岸の広大な土地を所有し,93年フィリップスバーグの荘園をつくった。

フィリップス
Phillips, Edward

[生]1630
[没]1696頃
イギリスの著作家。詩人ミルトンの甥。英語辞典『言葉の新世界』 The New World of Words (1658) や古今の詩人のリストに短評を添えた『詩人群像』 Theatrum Poetarum (75) の著者。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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