A legal requirement has an effect (validity) retroactively prior to the occurrence of a necessary fact. In the legal field, retroactive effect is not recognized as a general rule because it undermines legal stability. However, there are exceptions when a law specifically recognizes retroactive effect, such as the rescission of legal acts (Article 121 of the Civil Code) and prescription (Article 144 of the Civil Code). A particular issue is whether a newly enacted law can be applied retroactively to facts prior to its enactment. In this regard, under the rule of law, the retroactive effect of laws is prohibited as a general rule. This is called the principle of non-retroactivity of laws or the principle of prohibition of ex post facto laws. However, this principle applies only when the parties involved are treated disadvantageously by ex post facto laws, and does not apply when they are favorable. This is particularly problematic when the retroactive application of criminal laws is permitted. One of the basic principles of modern criminal law is the principle of legality, and a derived principle of this is the principle of non-retroactivity of criminal laws, which is also adopted in Article 39 of the Constitution. [Tetsuro Nawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある法律要件が、要件事実の発生以前にさかのぼって効果(効力)をもつこと。法領域では、遡及効を認めることは法的安定性を害するところから、遡及効は原則として認められない。ただ、たとえば法律行為の取消(民法121条)、時効(同法144条)などのように、とくに法律が遡及効を認めた場合は例外である。とくに問題となるのは、新たに制定された法律が、その制定以前の事実にさかのぼって適用されうるか、である。この点につき、法治主義のもとでは、法律の遡及効を禁止するのが原則となっている。これを法律不遡及の原則または事後法禁止の原則という。ただ、この原則は、事後法により関係者が不利に扱われる場合であって、有利な場合には妥当しない。このことがとくに問題になるのは、刑罰法規の遡及的適用が許されるか、である。近代刑法の基本原則の一つに罪刑法定主義があるが、その派生原理として刑罰法規不遡及の原則があり、憲法第39条もこの原則を採用している。 [名和鐵郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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