Indo-China (English spelling)

Japanese: インドシナ - いんどしな(英語表記)Indo-China
Indo-China (English spelling)

The term Indochina was first used in the early 19th century by the naturalist J. Leiden as a general term for the countries of mainland Southeast Asia. However, since the end of the 19th century, when Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became French colonies and the French Indochina Federation was established, Indochina has come to be used in the narrow sense to refer exclusively to these three countries.

[Yoshio Sakurai]

Ethnicity

The ethnic distribution of Indochina in the narrow sense is complex. In terms of occupation, they are divided into mountain slash-and-burn cultivators and flatland rice paddy cultivators, but many language families span both. The Mon-Khmer language family includes the Khmer people of the Cambodian plains and mountain people such as the Bahnar Katu people on the border with Vietnam. The Viet people (Kinh people) of the Vietnamese plains and the Muong people of the northern Vietnamese mountain range are also considered to be included in the Mon-Khmer language family. The Malayo-Polynesian language family includes the Cham people who live in central Vietnam and parts of Cambodia, and the Gia Rai, Lade, and Tru people of the surrounding mountain ranges. The Tai-Kadai language family includes the Lao people of the Laos plains, and the Black Tai, Red Tai, and Nung people of Vietnam and the northern mountain ranges of Laos. In addition, the Zao (Yao) and Hmong (Miao) people, who are thought to have migrated from southern China after the 18th century, live scattered in the northern mountain ranges, but their linguistic affiliation is unknown.

[Yoshio Sakurai]

history

The area in Indochina that entered the historical period the earliest was the middle reaches of the Red River (Song Khoi River) Delta, where Chinese historical documents indicate that in the 2nd century BC there was a ruling class called the Luo Kings and Luo Generals, as well as a state called the Anyang Kingdom, which is believed to correspond to the archaeological Dong Son culture. This area came under the domain of the Han dynasty at the end of the 2nd century BC, and served as the gateway to trade in the South Seas of China until independence in the 10th century. In the 2nd century, with the intensification of East-West maritime trade through the use of the monsoon, the Cham nation of Linyu was born on the coast of central Vietnam, and the Funan nation, probably of the Khmer people, was born in southern Vietnam. These prospered as ports for waiting out the wind and as a distribution port for inland forest products, and Indian civilization was rapidly introduced into these areas through Indian merchants. In the 6th century, the Khmer Zhenla state arose in the middle reaches of the Mekong River, the main transportation route through Indochina, and succeeded Funan to build a confederation of cities from Cambodia to southern Vietnam. In the 9th century, Jayavarman II emerged and created the Angkor period, known for its huge stone buildings. In the 10th century, the Tang Empire fell and the Sui-Tang world order collapsed, leading to the independence of Vietnam in the Red River Delta. From around the 11th century, the Lian dynasty and in the 13th century, the Tian dynasty established long-term stable governments. It goes without saying that the stability and prosperity of these three countries, including Champagne in central Vietnam, corresponded to the commercial and agricultural development of China during the Song dynasty. The Yuan dynasty also took advantage of this opportunity and made several expeditions to Indochina in the 13th century, but were defeated by the resistance of already established independent states. In the 15th century, the Vietnamese Lie Dynasty repelled the Ming Dynasty's invasion, and quickly built a Chinese-style legal state, aggressively invading Champang in central Vietnam. Meanwhile, the Thai mountain people, inspired by China's Yunnan strategy since the 13th century, started to build a nation, and in the mid-14th century, the Lan Xang Kingdom was born in the plains of Laos. At the same time, the Thai Ayutthaya Dynasty, which arose in the middle reaches of the Chao Phraya River, destroyed Angkor. Having lost Laos and northeastern Thailand, the Angkor Kingdom subsequently fell to a small regional power in the Phnom Penh region of the middle reaches of the Mekong. From the 17th century onwards, Vietnam was divided into the Trinh clan in the north and the Nguyen clan in the central area of ​​Champang, and the Nguyen clan then accelerated their advance into the south, occupying the Saigon region in the 18th century. In the 18th century, the three kingdoms of Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak were established in Laos, and the framework of the current territory was almost finalized. At the end of the 18th century, the Tay Son Rebellion in central Vietnam quickly unified the whole country, and the territory of Vietnam was finalized under the next Nguyen Dynasty.

In the mid-19th century, after the Industrial Revolution, France aimed to colonize Indochina, first taking southern Vietnam and then making Cambodia a protectorate. After a dispute over the Song Khoi River route, France made northern and central Vietnam a protectorate, forming the French Indochina Federation in 1887, and then Laos in 1899. In the first half of the 20th century, imperialist exploitation of rice, especially in the south, took place in Indochina, but in the 1930s nationalist movements arose in opposition to this. From 1940 to 1945, the Japanese army occupied the country, but after Japan's surrender in 1945, independent governments were simultaneously established in the three countries, and they fiercely resisted the second French invasion (First Indochina War). In 1954, the Geneva Accords recognized the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, led by the Workers' Party of Vietnam, in the north, and the Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, and the Kingdom of Cambodia in the south. However, economic and political divisions among the countries led to another period of war (Second Indochina War) with the establishment of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in 1960. Direct intervention by the US military in 1961 prolonged the war and widened its scope, but in 1975, socialist forces such as the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, the Lao Patriotic Front (Pathet Lao), and the United Front of Kampuchea emerged victorious, and by 1976 Democratic Kampuchea, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam were born one after the other.

However, the effects of the mutual distrust between the ethnic groups and the Sino-Soviet confrontation have led to conflicts between Vietnam and Cambodia, and between Vietnam and China since 1978, and the Cambodian civil war since 1979 has produced many Indochinese refugees. However, with the easing of tensions between the East and West and the collapse of the Soviet bloc, tensions in Indochina eased, and Vietnam first shifted to an economic open-door policy (Doi Moi) at the end of 1986, and then completely withdrew from Cambodia at the end of the 1980s. In 1989, inflation subsided, and foreign capital flowed in, resulting in remarkable economic development. Laos also shifted to a new thinking policy (open-door policy) during the same period, promulgating a new constitution in 1991 and introducing international aid. In particular, the Laos-Thailand Friendship Bridge was built across the Mekong River in 1994, and economic relations with Thailand became closer. In 1997, Laos joined ASEAN. Cambodia, which had long been in a state of civil war, began receiving international mediation services in the late 1980s, and a peace agreement was signed in 1991. A unified government excluding the Pol Pot faction was established under King Sihanouk, who was restored to the throne under UN control. Indochina is finally moving towards stability and development.

[Yoshio Sakurai]

"World History 14: The World of Indochina Civilization" by Ishii Yoneo (1977, Kodansha) " "Modern History of Southeast Asia III" by Sakurai Yukio and Ishizawa Yoshiaki (1977, Yamakawa Publishing)

[References] | Indochina Peninsula | Southeast Asian History

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドシナの語は、19世紀初めに博物学者J・ライデンが大陸部東南アジア諸国の総称として用いたのが初めという。しかし19世紀末より、ベトナム、ラオス、カンボジアがフランスの植民地となり、フランス領インドシナ連邦が成立して以来、インドシナは狭義にもっぱらこの3国をさして使われている。

[桜井由躬雄]

民族

狭義のインドシナの民族分布は複雑である。生業的には山地焼畑耕作民と平地水田耕作民に分かれるが、多くの語族は両者にまたがっている。モン・クメール語族にはカンボジア平地のクメール人と、ベトナム国境地帯のバフナル・カトゥ人などの山地民がおり、またベトナム平地部のベト人(キン人)とベトナム北部山地のムオン人もモン・クメール語族に含まれると考えられている。マライ・ポリネシア語族としては、中部ベトナムとカンボジアの一部に住むチャム人と、その周辺山地のジャライ、ラデ、チュル人などがある。タイ・カダイ語族ではラオス平地部のラオ人や、ベトナム、ラオス北部山岳地帯の黒タイ、赤タイ、ヌン人がいる。このほか、18世紀以降に中国南部から移住したと考えられるザオ(ヤオ)、フモン(ミャオ)人が北部山地に散居するが、言語的な帰属は不明である。

[桜井由躬雄]

歴史

インドシナでもっとも早期に歴史時代に突入したのは紅河(ソン・コイ川)デルタ中流域で、紀元前2世紀には雒(らく)王、雒将とよばれる支配階層や安陽王国という国家があったことが中国史料にあり、考古学上のドンソン文化がこれにあたるとされる。この地は前2世紀末には漢の領域に入り、以後10世紀の独立まで、中国南海交易の玄関になった。2世紀にはモンスーンの利用による東西海上交易の活発化に伴い、中部ベトナム沿岸にチャム人の林邑(りんゆう)国、南部ベトナムにおそらくクメール人の国と思われる扶南(ふなん)国が生まれ、風待ち港として、また内陸森林生産物の集散港として栄え、インド商人によって急速なインド文明の流入がおこった。6世紀にはインドシナの主交通路であるメコン川の中流域にクメール人の真臘(しんろう)が興り、扶南を継いでカンボジアから南部ベトナム一帯の都市連合国家を建設した。9世紀にはジャヤバルマン2世が出て、巨大な石造建築群で知られるアンコール時代をつくった。10世紀に入ると唐帝国の衰亡による隋(ずい)・唐的世界秩序の崩壊に連動して、紅河デルタにベトナムが独立し、11世紀ごろから李(り)朝、13世紀には陳(ちん)朝による長期安定政権が生まれた。中部ベトナムの占城(せんじょう)を加えたこれら3国の安定と隆盛が、宋(そう)代中国の商業的、農業的発展に対応していることはいうまでもない。元(げん)朝もこの利に着目して、13世紀には数次にわたってインドシナに遠征したが、すでに確立した独立国家の抵抗の前に敗れた。15世紀には明(みん)朝の侵攻を撃退したベトナムの黎(れい)朝は、急速に中国風律令国家を建設し、中部ベトナムの占城を盛んに侵略した。一方、13世紀以来の中国の雲南経略に刺激された山間タイ人の間に、国家建設の動きが高まり、14世紀中葉にはラオス平地部にランサン王国が生まれた。同時期にチャオプラヤー川中流域に興ったタイ人のアユタヤ朝はアンコールを壊滅させた。ラオス、東北タイを失ったアンコール王国は、以後メコン中流域のプノンペン地方の小地方勢力に転落する。17世紀以降のベトナムは、北部の鄭(てい)(チン)氏と中部の占城故地の阮(げん)(グエン)氏に分裂し、以後、阮氏は南部への進出を速め、18世紀にはサイゴン地方を占拠する。ラオスもまた18世紀にはルアンプラバン、ビエンチャン、チャンパサックの3王国が成立し、ほぼ現在の領域の骨格が確定する。18世紀末、ベトナム中部の西山(タイソン)党の乱はたちまち全土を統一し、次代阮朝に至って、ベトナムの領域が確定した。

 19世紀中葉、産業革命を経たフランスは、インドシナの植民地化を目ざして、まず南部ベトナムをとり、ついでカンボジアを保護国化した。さらにソン・コイ川ルートをめぐる紛争から北・中部ベトナムを保護国として、1887年フランス領インドシナ連邦を組織し、ついで99年ラオスを保護国とした。20世紀前半、インドシナには南部の米を中心に帝国主義的搾取が行われたが、これに抗して1930年代から民族主義運動がおこった。40~45年日本軍が占領するが、45年、日本降伏を機に3国にはいっせいに独立政府が生まれ、フランスの再侵略に激しく抵抗した(第一次インドシナ戦争)。54年、ジュネーブ協定により、ベトナム北部にはベトナム労働党に主導されたベトナム民主共和国、南部にはベトナム共和国、ラオス王国、カンボジア王国の成立が認められた。しかし、各国の経済的、政治的分裂は、60年南ベトナム解放民族戦線の成立を機に、ふたたび戦乱に入った(第二次インドシナ戦争)。61年、アメリカ軍の直接介入により戦争は長期・広域化したが、75年、南ベトナム解放民族戦線、ラオス愛国戦線(パテト・ラオ)、カンプチア統一戦線などの社会主義勢力が勝利を収め、76年にかけて民主カンボジア、ラオス人民民主共和国、ベトナム社会主義共和国が次々と誕生した。

 しかし、民族間相互の不信と中ソ対決の影響は、1978年以来、ベトナム・カンボジア、ベトナム・中国間に紛争を生じさせ、とくに79年以来のカンボジア内乱は多数のインドシナ難民を生み出した。しかし、東西の緊張緩和、ソ連圏の崩壊とともにインドシナの緊張は和らぎ、まず86年末、ベトナムが経済開放政策(ドイモイ)に移行し、80年代末、カンボジアから完全撤退し、89年にはインフレも治り、外資が流入して著しい経済発展が起った。ラオスも同時期に新思考政策(開放政策)に転換し、91年に新憲法を公布し、国際援助が導入された。とくに94年にはメコン川にラオス・タイ友好橋が架設され、タイとの経済関係が濃密になった。97年にはアセアン(ASEAN)に参加している。長く内乱状況にあったカンボジアでも、80年代末から国際的な調停が進み、91年に和平協定が結ばれ、国連の管理下に復位したシアヌーク国王の下にポルポト派を除く統一政府が成立した。インドシナはようやく安定と発展の道を進みつつある。

[桜井由躬雄]

『石井米雄著『世界の歴史14 インドシナ文明の世界』(1977・講談社)』『桜井由躬雄・石澤良昭著『東南アジア現代史Ⅲ』(1977・山川出版社)』

[参照項目] | インドシナ半島 | 東南アジア史

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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