A conference and movement established for scientists from around the world to discuss issues related to war and peace from a scientific perspective. The first Conference on Science and World Affairs was held in July 1957 in Pugwash, a small city in Nova Scotia, Canada. Since then, it has been held once or twice a year in various parts of the world, but the name of the city where the first conference was held is used as the common name for this conference. The impetus for holding the Pugwash Conferences was the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which was jointly published by 11 scientists in 1955. This statement stated that humanity was facing the threat of extinction due to the development of nuclear weapons, and that the only way to escape the threat of nuclear weapons was to abolish war, and that scientists should have more discussion of such issues. The first conference was invited by five people, including B. Russell and Yukawa Hideki, and was attended by 22 people from Eastern and Western countries, with three from Japan attending: Yukawa, Tomonaga Shinichiro, and Ogawa Iwao (1921-2006). The conference discussed the dangers of injury resulting from the use of atomic energy, the management of nuclear weapons, and the social responsibility of scientists. The third conference in 1958 announced the Vienna Declaration, which called for the abolition of all war, not just nuclear war, and was attended by Yukawa, Tomonaga, Ogawa, Sakata Shoichi, and Miyake Yasuo (1908-1990) from Japan. The fifth conference in 1959 focused on biological and chemical weapons. In August 1975, the 25th Pugwash Symposium was held in Kyoto, where the "Yukawa-Tomonaga Declaration" was announced, calling for complete nuclear disarmament. In 1995, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. [Akira Suzumebe] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
世界の科学者が、科学者の立場から戦争と平和に関する諸問題を討議するために創設された会議と運動。1957年7月、カナダのノバ・スコシア州にある小都市パグウォッシュで、第1回「科学と国際問題に関する会議」Conference on Science and World Affairsが開催され、以後、世界各地で年1、2回開かれているが、第1回開催地の名をこの会議の通称としている。パグウォッシュ会議開催のきっかけとなったのは、1955年に11名の連名で発表された「ラッセル‐アインシュタイン宣言」である。この声明は、核兵器開発によって人類は絶滅の危機に直面しており、核兵器の脅威から逃れるには戦争を廃絶するしかない、このような問題について科学者の間でもっと議論をすべきであろう、というものであった。第1回会議は、B・ラッセル、湯川秀樹(ひでき)ら5名が招請し、東西各国から22名が参加、日本からは湯川、朝永(ともなが)振一郎、小川岩雄(1921―2006)の3名が参加した。会議では、原子エネルギーの利用の結果起こる障害の危険、核兵器の管理、科学者の社会的責任などについて議論が展開された。1958年の第3回会議は、核戦争に限らず、すべての戦争の廃絶を訴える「ウィーン宣言」を発表、日本からは湯川、朝永、小川、坂田昌一(しょういち)、三宅泰雄(みやけやすお)(1908―1990)が参加した。1959年の第5回会議は生物化学兵器が討議の対象とされた。1975年(昭和50)8月には、京都で第25回パグウォッシュ・シンポジウムが開かれ、完全核軍縮を要求する「湯川‐朝永宣言」を発表した。1995年ノーベル平和賞を受賞。 [雀部 晶] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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