Social planning

Japanese: 社会計画 - しゃかいけいかく(英語表記)social planning
Social planning

It is the systematic allocation of social resources in order to control the tensions that arise in the process of accelerating social change and to create a desirable society of the future. Since the 19th century, it has been the dream of positivist social scientists to control society scientifically and technologically without revolutionary means, but in recent years it has come into the spotlight due to the development of systems theory and social engineering. It is more systematic than the concepts of "social policy" and "social work," and is characterized by its orientation toward structural change.

[Oshio Shunsuke]

Contents

First, the concept of controlling and planning changes in human collective life includes everything from small group to international society levels, but usually refers to national and regional planning. This is because implementing macro-level planning requires the agreement of legislative assemblies, political and administrative authority, financial resources, and the ability to collect and analyze sufficient information. Second, the content of social planning includes (1) resource allocation plans for the foundations of society, such as population planning, housing planning, and transportation planning; (2) plans for partial systems, such as family planning and regional planning; and (3) plans for individual institutional systems, such as education planning, economic planning, and welfare planning. All of these are functionally interdependent, and the idea of ​​social planning in the broad sense is to treat them in a total and consistent manner. Third, all of these plans deal with the human-environment system, but the goal is to develop human values ​​and life needs, and to revitalize the environmental system to satisfy them, that is, to control and revitalize the system mechanism through the development of the institution/facility system, the adjustment and revitalization of human relationships and group/organization systems, and the improvement and creation of cultural values ​​and institutional systems.

[Oshio Shunsuke]

Usage

Methods for implementing social planning include a variety of types, ranging from unilateral coercion to consultation and consensus, but can be broadly categorized into (1) command type, (2) stimulus type, and (3) instruction type.

Type (1) is a type in which a central government agency with financial resources monopolizes information, concentrates technocrats, and unilaterally and forcibly implements plans. This tendency is strong in socialist countries and developing countries. Type (2) is a type in which the state stimulates profits in the private sector and induces the implementation of plans. Type (3) is a type in which the state is limited to presenting blueprints and providing consultations, and creates consensus among residents and their voluntary organizations by providing them with excellent information and persuasion. Since 1945, there has been a clear trend toward methods (2) and (3) in Western countries.

[Oshio Shunsuke]

Issues

There are many areas in social planning where it is extremely difficult to quantify data, and future predictions involve a great deal of uncertainty. Therefore, planning must rely more or less on speculative scenarios. This makes it difficult to ensure consistency between individual plans. Examples include the trade-off between national and regional plans (transportation plans and welfare plans), and the introduction of a plan causing unintended adverse functions (economic development and pollution). Social systems are multidimensional, and finding the optimal solution to a multidimensional equation is extremely difficult. In reality, a cybernetic approach would be better employed, in which several scenarios are prepared, plans are determined through discussion and agreement, and the results are then revised.

[Oshio Shunsuke]

"Field Theory in the Social Sciences" by K. Lewin, translated by Satoru Inomata, Revised Edition (1979, Seishin Shobo)

[Reference] | Economic Planning

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

加速化する社会変動の過程で生ずる緊張を制御し、望ましい未来の社会を創出するため、体系的に社会的諸資源を配分すること。社会を革命的手段によらずに、科学的、技術的に制御することは、19世紀以来、実証主義的社会科学者の夢であったが、近時、システム論や社会工学的技術の発展により脚光を浴びるようになった。それは「社会政策」や「社会事業」の概念よりいっそう体系的であり、構造的変化をも指向する点に特徴がある。

[大塩俊介]

内容

まず第一に、人間の集団生活の制御や計画的変化という構想は、小集団レベルから国際社会のレベルまで含むが、普通は国家的計画と地域的計画をさす。マクロな計画実施には、立法議会の合意、政治・行政的権威、財政的資源、十分な情報の収集・解析能力などが必要だからである。第二に、社会計画の内容には、〔1〕人口計画、住宅計画、交通計画など、社会の基盤に関する資源配分計画、〔2〕家族計画、地域計画などの部分システムに関する計画、〔3〕教育計画、経済計画、福祉計画など、個別的制度システムに関する計画などを含むが、いずれも相互に機能的に依存しあっており、それらをトータルに整合的に扱うのが広義の社会計画の理念である。第三に、いずれの計画も人と環境系を扱うが、人間的価値や生活ニーズの開発、それらを充足する環境系の活性化、すなわち、機関=施設系の整備、人間関係や集団=組織系の調整と活性化、文化的諸価値や制度体系の改善と創出、などによるシステム・メカニズムの制御と活性化が目標となる。

[大塩俊介]

用法

社会計画を実施する手法には、一方的強制から協議と合意に基づくものまで、さまざまなタイプを含むが、大まかに分けると、(1)指令タイプ、(2)刺激タイプ、(3)指示タイプに分けられる。

 (1)は、情報を独占し、テクノクラートを集中し、財源をもつ中央政府機関が、一方的、強制的に計画を実施するタイプである。社会主義圏諸国、発展途上諸国にこの傾向が強い。(2)は、国家が民間セクターに対して利潤を刺激し、計画実施を誘導するタイプである。(3)は、国家は青写真の提示と相談にとどまり、住民、および住民のボランタリー諸組織に対し、優れた情報の供給と説得を通して合意をつくりだすタイプである。1945年以降、欧米諸国では(2)および(3)の手法への動向が顕著にみられる。

[大塩俊介]

問題点

社会計画にはデータの数量化がきわめて困難な分野が多く、将来予測にとって多くの不確定性を含む。したがって計画は、多かれ少なかれ、思弁的シナリオによらざるをえない。そのため個別的計画相互間の整合性を確保することがむずかしい。たとえば国家計画と地域計画との間のトレード・オフ(交通計画と福祉計画)、ある計画の投入が意図しない逆機能をおこすこと(経済開発と公害)などがその例である。社会システムは多次元的であり、多次元方程式の最適解を求めることはきわめて困難である。現実には、いくつかのシナリオを用意し、討論と合意を通して計画を決定し、結果を修正してゆくサイバネティックス方式が採用されるべきであろう。

[大塩俊介]

『K・レヴィン著、猪股佐登留訳『社会科学における場の理論』増補版(1979・誠信書房)』

[参照項目] | 経済計画

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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