A musical piece is an instrumental or ensemble piece that is given a title or text that indicates what the piece is trying to express, and that aims to guide the listener in a certain direction. It is the opposite of absolute music, which does not have a title or text of this kind, and the distinction between the two was established in the 19th century. However, works with something equivalent to a program have existed since the late Middle Ages, and even in the Baroque period, there were many works that incorporated descriptive techniques such as imitating bird calls, as exemplified by Vivaldi's Concerto Grosso "The Four Seasons." In the 19th century, program music began to be created as a means of expressing the composer's subjectivity and emotions. Many composers believed that the emotional expression sought by the Romantic period could be developed more richly through program music than through abstract forms such as concertos and sonatas, and a wide variety of works were created. The representative program music of this period was the symphonic poem and the program symphony. The titles used were literature, both ancient and modern (Berlioz's dramatic symphony "Romeo and Juliet" based on Shakespeare, Liszt's symphonic poem "Prelude" on Lamartine's poem), paintings (Rachmaninoff's symphonic poem "Isle of the Dead" based on Böcklin's paintings), and the climate and history of one's own country (Smetana's symphonic poem cycle "My Country"). These are easily linked to the subjective descriptions of each title and the expression of the development of events. On the other hand, soloists and small ensembles such as piano soloists generally do not tend to go for the above-mentioned descriptions and expressions, but rather tend to go for the static expression of moods and emotions, and for internal, lyrical expressions (e.g. Schumann's piano piece "Scenes from Childhood"). In program music, the composer usually decides on a title in advance and composes the piece based on that, but sometimes the title is added after the composition. Therefore, there are works in which the relationship between the title and the music is close and works in which it is distant. In addition, those who support absolute music, such as the Austrian music aesthetician Hanslick, have criticized program music, saying that it is not possible to clearly express certain emotions or things. Although they have program-like titles, stage music such as ballet music and vocal works are generally not included in program music. However, there are also program music that includes vocal music, such as Liszt's Faust Symphony and the aforementioned Symphony Dramatica by Berlioz. [Yoshio Miyama] "The Aesthetics of Music" by Hanslick, translated by Mamoru Watanabe (Iwanami Bunko) " "Romantic Music" by J. Riedel, translated by Masasaku Fukuda and Noriko Miyamoto (1977, Ongaku No Tomosha) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音楽作品のうち、その曲が表現しようとするものを示した題名・文章がつけられ、それによって、聴く人を一定の方向に導こうとする器楽曲ないし合奏曲。この種の題名や文章などを伴わない絶対音楽の反対語で、両者の区別は19世紀に成立した。ただし、標題に相当するものを伴った作品は中世末から存在し、バロック時代にもビバルディの合奏協奏曲『四季』に代表されるように、鳥の鳴き声の模倣など、描写的な手法を取り入れた作品は少なくない。19世紀には、作曲家の主観・主情を表す手段としての標題音楽がつくられるようになった。ロマン派の求めた感情表出を、協奏曲やソナタなどの抽象的な形式よりも、標題音楽でいっそう豊かに展開できると考えた作曲家は多く、多様な作品が生まれた。 この時代の代表的な標題音楽は、交響詩、標題交響曲である。標題として用いられたのは、古今の文学(シェークスピアによるベルリオーズの劇的交響曲『ロメオとジュリエット』、ラマルチーヌの詩によるリストの交響詩『前奏曲』)、絵画(ベックリンの絵によるラフマニノフの交響詩『死の島』)、自国の風土や歴史(スメタナの連作交響詩『わが祖国』)などである。これらは、各標題の主観的な描写や、できごとの展開の表現と結び付きやすい。しかし一方、ピアノ独奏など、独奏ないし小編成の合奏の場合は、概して前記の描写・表現には向かわず、気分や情緒の静的な表出、内面的で叙情的な表現へ向かう傾向がある(例、シューマンのピアノ曲『子供の情景』)。 標題音楽は、作曲者があらかじめ標題を定めて、それに基づいて作曲するのが一般であるが、そうではなく、作曲後に標題が付される場合もある。したがって、標題と音楽の関係が密接な作品と疎遠な作品とがある。また、オーストリアの音楽美学者ハンスリックなどの絶対音楽を支持する側から、音楽は一定の情緒や事物を明確に表すことができないため、標題音楽は成り立たないという批判も浴びせられた。 標題風の題名はもっていても、バレエ音楽などの舞台用の音楽や声楽作品は、標題音楽には含めないのが一般である。しかし、リストの『ファウスト交響曲』、前記ベルリオーズの劇的交響曲など、声楽を含む標題音楽もある。 [美山良夫] 『ハンスリック著、渡辺護訳『音楽美論』(岩波文庫)』▽『J・リーデル著、福田昌作・宮本憲子訳『ロマン派の音楽』(1977・音楽之友社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Beauty exercises - Beauty exercises
Other than the encyclopedias, other commonly used...
...This genus is classified into about 24 species...
Scientific name: Rhinopithecus roxellanae Animals....
…[Masahiro Kato]. . . *Some of the terminology th...
A resort town on Key West Island, at the southwest...
A haiku poet and kyoka poet in the early Edo peri...
…A species name is expressed in two words, the ge...
[Born] Shaoxing 1 (1131) [Died] Kaiji 1 (1205) A s...
…In the decisive battle with Beles, Perun splits ...
… About 30 species are known, including the five-...
A perennial plant of the Araceae family. It is clo...
…Adventure novels also developed through J. Masef...
…The aerospace industry originally developed as a...
...This phenomenon is called Gloger's rule. S...
...The high-density liquid used in the test is ca...