engraving

Japanese: engraving
engraving

… [Katori Tadahiko]
[Western]
In the West, engraving techniques are also used mainly to decorate metal surfaces. The techniques can be broadly divided into engraving, which involves engraving lines with a burin, damascening, stamping, which involves stamping a metal plate with a chisel, and granulation, which involves attaching metal grains or wires to the surface with wax, or filigree. Various engraving techniques are also combined as preparations for cloisonné and jewellery work.

From [Copperplate Print]

… There are two main types of engraving: the first is to directly process the plate surface with tools, and the second is to obtain engraved lines by etching with nitric acid or other chemicals. Of the former, the burin (a type of chisel used to engrave copperplate) is the oldest and was the most highly regarded until the 19th century.
[Engraving copperplate print]
In the early period, unsigned prints were common, but the main printmakers in the upper reaches of the Rhine were the "Painter of the Playing Cards," the "ES Painter," M. Schongauer, and the "L.Cz. Painter," while in the lower reaches they included the "Painter of the Garden of Love," the "FVB Painter," Meckenem, L. van Leyden, and in Italy A. Pollaiuolo and A. Mantegna. Next came the prints of Germany's Dürer, who became widely known in Europe.

From [Jewelry]

...Hundreds, if not thousands, of individual miners in the mining areas produce gemstones using primitive mining methods that involve digging countless holes.
[Jewelry processing]
In the case of soft stones with low hardness, hand engraving with metal tools such as chisels and sandpaper is possible, but generally, for hard gemstones, polishing is mainly done by applying an abrasive to a rotating tool. This technique is said to have been started in southern Mesopotamia in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, and was mainly used for cylinder seals made of precious stones.

*Some terminology explanations that mention "engraving" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…【香取 忠彦】
[西洋]
 西洋においても,彫金の技法はおもに金属表面に加飾を施すために使われる。技法には大きく分けて,鑿(のみ)(ビュラン)を使って線刻をするエングレービングengraving,象嵌damascening,鏨(たがね)で金属板に刻印するスタンピングstampingなどがあり,このほか金属粒や金属線を表面に蠟(ろう)付けする細線細工granulation,filigreeなどもある。また,さらに七宝や宝石細工などを施す下準備としてもさまざまな彫金技法が組み合わされる。…

【銅版画】より

… 製版法は大別して2種類あり,その第1は直接に道具で版面を加工する方法,第2は硝酸などで腐食させて刻線を得る方法である。前者のうちビュランburin(フランス語)という一種ののみによる彫刻銅版画(エングレービングengraving)が最も古く,また19世紀まで最も尊重されてきた。
[彫刻銅版画]
 初期には署名のないものが普通だが,おもな版画家としてライン川上流では〈トランプ・カードの画家〉,〈E.S.の画家〉,M.ションガウアー,〈L.Cz.の画家〉など,下流では〈愛の園の画家〉,〈F.V.B.の画家〉,メッケネム,L.ファン・レイデン,イタリアではA.ポライウオロ,A.マンテーニャらが挙げられ,次いでドイツのデューラーの版画がヨーロッパで広く知られた。…

【宝石】より

…鉱区地域に数百,数千の個人採掘者が,無数の穴を掘り下げる原始的な採掘法によって宝石の産出が支えられている。
[宝石の加工]
 硬度の低い軟質石の場合には,のみやたがねなどの金属工具による手彫加工(エングレービングengraving)が可能であるが,一般的に硬度の高い宝石類は,回転工具に研磨材を塗布しながら行う研磨加工が主として用いられる。この技法は前4千年紀後半の南メソポタミアですでに始められていたといわれ,貴石類でつくられる円筒印章などがおもにこの技法でつくられた。…

※「engraving」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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