Snowflakes are tiny ice crystals that are just born in the atmosphere, measuring less than 0.5 millimeters in size. They grow larger as a result of the sublimation of water vapor. In the upper troposphere (5,000 to 13,000 meters), the temperature drops to several tens of degrees below zero, and the clouds that form there (high clouds such as cirrus) are made of ice crystals. They are also observed as diamond dust (ice fog) in extremely cold areas on the ground. The crystal shapes are often the simplest of snowflakes, such as hexagonal columns or hexagonal plates. Ice crystals play an important role in how rain falls from clouds. [Hiroo Misaki] "The Physics of Clouds: From Cloud Particle Formation to Cloud Movement" by Takahashi Takahashi (1987, Tokyodo Publishing) " "The Science of Ice" by Maeno Kiichi (New Edition, 1988, Hokkaido University Press)" [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大気中で生まれたばかりの微細な氷の結晶で、大きさは約0.5ミリメートル以下である。雪結晶は水蒸気の昇華により氷晶が成長して大きくなったものである。対流圏の上部(5000~1万3000メートル)は気温が零下数十℃にも下がるので、そこに生ずる雲(巻雲などの上層雲)は氷晶でできている。また地上でもごく低温の地方ではダイヤモンド・ダスト(氷霧)として観測される。結晶形は六角柱、六角板など雪結晶としてもっとも単純なものが多い。氷晶の存在は、雲から雨が降る仕組みのなかで重要な役割を果たしている。 [三崎方郎] 『高橋劭著『雲の物理――雲粒形成から雲運動まで』(1987・東京堂出版)』▽『前野紀一著『氷の科学』新装版(1988・北海道大学図書刊行会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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