Critical realism

Japanese: 批判的リアリズム - ひはんてきリアリズム
Critical realism
The term was first used by Gorky as a counter-concept to socialist realism. It is part of the realist movement against the backdrop of the establishment of modern civil society and the development of natural and social sciences, but unlike Flaubert, it is not objective and neutral, but is ethical like Tolstoy, who was called the "conscience of the world," and takes a form that critically exposes the negative aspects of reality through personal intuition. In 20th century literature, examples of this include the war satire poems of the British poet W. Owen, and S. Spender's The Disruptive Element, which criticizes the individualism and arbitrariness of realism from a historical and political standpoint, is an example of socialist realism. Historically, this has exposed the flaws and contradictions of feudal capitalist society, and was particularly evident in 19th century Russia, starting with Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and finally Gorky, but also including France's Stendhal and Balzac, Britain's Dickens and Galsworthy, and America's Mark Twain, and in Japan examples include Futabatei Shimei's Ukigumo, Shimazaki Toson's Hakai, Nagatsuka Setsu's Tsuchi, and Natsume Soseki's Meian. Many aspects are integrated into socialist realism, but the problem is that there will always remain aspects that cannot be fully dealt with in this way.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ゴーリキーが社会主義リアリズムの対概念として初めて用いた言葉。近代市民社会の成立,自然科学,社会科学の発展を背景としたリアリズムの流れのなかにあるが,フローベールのように客観的,中立的ではなく,「世界の良心」と呼ばれるトルストイのそれのように倫理的であり,個人の直観によって現実の否定面を批判的にえぐる形をとる。 20世紀の文学では,たとえばイギリスの詩人 W.オーウェンの戦争風刺の詩などがそれで,その個人性,恣意性を歴史的,政治的な立場から批判した『破壊的要素』における S.スペンダーは社会主義リアリズムの例となる。これは歴史的には,封建的な資本主義的社会の欠陥や矛盾をつくものとなり,特に 19世紀のロシアで顕著にみられ,プーシキンからドストエフスキー,トルストイらを経てゴーリキーに究極するが,フランスのスタンダール,バルザック,イギリスのディケンズ,ゴールズワージー,アメリカのマーク・トウェーンらもこれに入り,日本でも二葉亭四迷の『浮雲』,島崎藤村の『破戒』,長塚節の『土』,夏目漱石の『明暗』などがあげられよう。社会主義リアリズムのなかに統合される面が多分にあるが,これで処理しきれない面が常に残るところに問題点がある。

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