American astronomer. Compiler of extensive stellar luminosity and spectroscopic tables. Born in Boston, he graduated from Harvard University in 1865. In 1867, he became professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was the first to install instruments for teaching experiments. In 1876, he became professor of astronomy and director of the Harvard Observatory, and reexamined astrophotometry in 1882 and stellar spectroscopy in 1885. He first invented the meridian photometer, and then systematically measured the luminosities of over 45,000 stars, establishing an international standard. In 1891, he opened a branch observatory in Arequipa, Peru, and published the results of his detailed survey of the entire sky in 1908 under the title "Revised Harvard Catalogue of Luminous Stars." In parallel with this, he continued systematic spectroscopic observations of the entire sky, developing Draper's ideas. Making full use of objective prisms, and as a result of the combined efforts of the observatory staff, the Henry Draper Spectroscopic Catalogue was completed in 1917. He was awarded the Gold Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society twice, in 1886 and 1901, and during his 42 years of observation he took 300,000 photographs. His brother, William Henry Pickering (1858-1938), was also an astronomer. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He helped his brother build a branch observatory in Arequipa, and also worked hard to build the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, USA. In 1898, he discovered Phoebe, the ninth moon of Saturn. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの天文学者。広範な恒星の光度表と分光表の作成者。ボストンに生まれ、1865年ハーバード大学を卒業。1867年マサチューセッツ工科大学の物理学教授となり、教育用実験の器具装置を初めて設備した。1876年ハーバード大学天文学教授兼同天文台長に就任し、1882年に天体測光術を、1885年に恒星分光術を再検討した。まず子午線光度計を発明のうえ、4万5000個余の恒星の光度を組織的に測定して、国際的基準を設定した。1891年にはペルーのアレキパに天文台支所を開設し、全天の精査結果を1908年に『改訂ハーバード光度星表』の名で公刊した。またこれと並行して全天にわたる分光観測も、ドレーパーの意図を発展させて組織的に継続していった。対物プリズムを駆使し、天文台員が総力をあげた成果として、1917年『ヘンリー・ドレーパー分光型星表』が完成。イギリス王立天文協会の金賞を1886年、1901年の2回授与されたが、その観測歴は42年、撮影写真は30万枚に及ぶ。 弟のヘンリーWilliam Henry Pickering(1858―1938)も天文学者。マサチューセッツ工科大学を卒業。アレキパに天文台支所を建設の際は兄に協力し、またアメリカ・アリゾナ州のローウェル天文台建設でも尽力した。1898年、土星の第9衛星フェーベPhoebeを発見した。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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