Prothallus - Anthallus

Japanese: 前葉体 - ぜんようたい
Prothallus - Anthallus

The gametophyte of ferns, also known as the protothallus. The prothallus is formed by the germination of a spore, from which the sporophyte, or leaves, develops, hence the name protothallus. In the majority of ferns, the prothallus lives independently of the sporophyte, since the spores germinate after they leave the sporophyte. With a few exceptions, the prothallus lives above ground, has chloroplasts, and performs photosynthesis. The prothallus is generally short-lived, dying once the next generation sporophyte has grown to a certain size. The prothallus of most ferns is thin and heart-shaped, usually a few millimeters in size, although some are ribbon- or thread-shaped (Hymenophyllaceae, Scleractinia).

A typical prothallus (heart-shaped) is composed of the following seven parts: (1) the folium (located in the center of the prothallus, consisting of several layers of cells, which gives rise to the reproductive organs), (2) the wings (a single layer of cells extending out on both sides of the folium), (3) the rhizoids (long, thin cells that occur at the base of the prothallus and in the filaments, which lack chloroplasts and have the same function as roots), (4) the growing point (a heart-shaped depression that undergoes repeated cell division), (5) the filaments (a row of cells at the base of the prothallus), (6) the archegonia (which occurs in the thickest part of the folium, lacking chloroplasts), and (7) the antheridium (which occurs at the base of the folium, on the wings, or on the edge of the wings, lacking chloroplasts).

The prothallus of homosporous ferns is usually monoecious (archegonia and antheridia borne on the same prothallus), but some species in the Equisetaceae family are dioecious. In experimental culture, even originally monoecious species may develop prothallus that only produces antheridia, depending on the culture conditions. The prothallus of plants such as pinecone, club moss, and file tree are often clumpy, lack chloroplasts, and are mycorrhizal and live underground. The prothallus of heterosporous ferns is significantly degenerated, and both the female and male prothallus develop within the spore shell.

[Yasuda Keisuke]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

シダ植物の配偶体のことで、原葉体ともいう。前葉体は、胞子の発芽によって形成され、これから胞子体、すなわち葉が発生するので、前(原)葉体の名がある。大多数のシダ植物では、胞子が胞子体から離れたあとに発芽するので、前葉体は胞子体とは独立して生活することになる。少数の例外を除き、前葉体は地上生活をして、葉緑体を有し光合成を行う。前葉体は一般に短命で、次世代の胞子体がある程度成長すると枯死する。多くのシダ類の前葉体は薄いハート形で、通常、数ミリメートル程度の大きさであるが、リボン状、糸状のものもある(コケシノブ科、シシラン科)。

 一般的な前葉体(ハート形)のつくりは、次の七つの部分からなっている。(1)褥(じょく)(前葉体の中央部に位置し、数層の細胞からなり、生殖器を生じる部分)、(2)翼(よく)(褥の両側へ張り出した一層の細胞からなる部分)、(3)仮根(かこん)(前葉体の基部、および糸状体に生じる細長い細胞で、葉緑体を欠き、根と同様の機能をもつ)、(4)成長点(ハート形の凹部で、細胞分裂を繰り返す)、(5)糸状体(前葉体基部にある細胞が一列に並んだ部分)、(6)造卵器(褥の最厚部に生じ、葉緑体を欠く)、(7)造精器(褥の基部、翼上、または翼縁に生じ、葉緑体を欠く)。

 同型胞子シダの前葉体は、通常、雌雄同株(造卵器と造精器が同一の前葉体上に生ずるもの)であるが、トクサ科では雌雄異株のものもある。また、実験的培養下では、元来、雌雄同株のものでも、培養条件によって造精器のみを生じる前葉体ができることがある。マツバラン、ヒカゲノカズラ、ハナヤスリなどの前葉体は、塊状で葉緑体を欠き、菌根性で地中生活をするものが多い。異型胞子シダの前葉体は、著しく退化しており、雌性・雄性前葉体とも胞子の殻中で発達する。

[安田啓祐]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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