French composer. Born in Paris. Both parents were musicians, so he was familiar with music from an early age. He entered the Paris Conservatory at the age of nine, where he stayed for about ten years, studying under Aléby and Gounod, and winning first prizes in many categories. The Symphony in C major (1855), which he composed while he was a student, shows the characteristics of his later works, such as lively expressions and memorable melodies. In 1857, he composed the cantata "Clovis et Clotilde" and won the Prix de Rome, the gateway to success for French composers. At the age of 19, he studied in Rome, but returned to Paris in 1860 due to his mother's illness. While he was a student, he tried composing theater music such as opera, and while studying abroad, he composed a Donizetti-style opera buffa with an Italian libretto. His first masterpiece, "The Pearl Fishers" (1863), was not well received at the time, despite its exotic melody, colorful orchestral expression, and grace. Ten more operas and operettas were planned after this, but most were left unfinished or abandoned, and of the four remaining works, only "The Beautiful Girl from Perth" (based on Scott's novel, premiered in 1867) has a chance to be performed today. In 1871, he achieved success with "Children's Games" for four hands and an orchestral version of excerpts from the same piece, and in 1872, he achieved success with incidental music (27 pieces) for Daudet's play "Les Amours" and the suite "Les Amours" (known as the First Suite), which consisted of four of the pieces arranged for concert use. Encouraged by this, Bizet devoted himself to composing "Carmen," which was commissioned by the Opéra-Comique, and completed it in 1874 as a four-act Opéra-Comique. However, at its premiere in March of the following year, the work dealt with the lower classes of society, and the music was full of expressiveness and vitality, which was different from the conventional opéra comique, so it failed to immediately gain the audience's understanding, and Bizet died in despair three months later. In October of the same year, Carmen was adapted by Guiraud into the style of grand opera, and was a great success in Vienna. This marked a change in the opinion of Carmen and Bizet, and he came to be regarded as the composer with the most naturally gifted dramatic spirit and musicality in the history of French music. [Yoshio Miyama] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの作曲家。パリ生まれ。両親とも音楽家で、早くから音楽に親しむ。9歳でパリ音楽院に入学、約10年間在籍し、アレビ、グノーらに師事、多部門で一等賞を受けた。在学中に作曲した交響曲ハ長調(1855)には、溌剌(はつらつ)とした表情、印象深い旋律など、後の彼の作品の性格が表れている。1857年にカンタータ『クロビスとクロチルド』を作曲してフランス作曲家の登竜門である「ローマ大賞」を受け、19歳でローマへ留学したが、母の病のため60年にパリに戻る。在学中からオペラなどの劇場音楽の作曲を試み、留学中はイタリア語の台本によるドニゼッティ風のオペラ・ブッファを作曲した。最初の傑作『真珠とり』(1863)は、異国的な旋律、管弦楽による表現の色彩感、優美さなどを備えながらも、当時はあまり評判にならなかった。 これに続いて10曲余りのオペラ、オペレッタが計画されたが、大半が未完ないし破棄され、残された4曲中今日かろうじて上演の機会があるのは『美しいパースの娘』(スコットの小説による。1867初演)だけである。1871年、四手用ピアノ曲『子供の遊び』と同曲の抜粋の管弦楽版、72年にドーデの戯曲『アルルの女』の付随音楽(27曲)と、そのうち4曲を演奏会用に編曲した組曲『アルルの女』(第一組曲とよばれているもの)がそれぞれ成功を収めた。これに力を得たビゼーは、オペラ・コミック座から委嘱された『カルメン』の作曲に力を注ぎ、4幕のオペラ・コミックとして74年に完成した。しかし翌年3月同劇場で行われた初演は、内容が社会的には下層の人々を扱っていたこと、従来のオペラ・コミックとは異質の表現力と生気にあふれた音楽であったことなどが原因で、聴衆の理解をただちに得ることはできず失敗に終わり、ビゼーはその3か月後に失意のうちに他界した。同年10月『カルメン』はギローによりグランド・オペラのスタイルに改作され、ウィーンで大成功を収めた。これを機会に『カルメン』とビゼーに対する評価は変わり、フランス音楽史上もっとも天賦のドラマチックな精神と音楽性をもった作曲家とみなされるようになった。 [美山良夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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