Piston engine

Japanese: ピストンエンジン - ぴすとんえんじん(英語表記)piston engine
Piston engine

An engine with a circular cross section and a closed cylindrical piston that reciprocates inside a cylinder, and the pressure of the high-pressure gas inside the cylinder acts on the piston to generate power. Steam engines, gasoline engines, and diesel engines are of this type, and they are collectively called reciprocating engines, as opposed to rotary engines that only have rotating parts, such as gas turbines, steam turbines, and jet engines. Piston engines generally require a crank mechanism or cam mechanism to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion, and are therefore at a disadvantage in terms of weight and vibration compared to rotary engines. However, they have the following advantages: (1) they are airtight because the high-pressure gas is kept airtight by circular piston rings around the piston, and they can use higher-pressure gas than rotary engines; (2) they are relatively easy and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to handle; and (3) they can be manufactured in a wide range of power outputs, from small to large. These advantages make them widely used.

Generally, the cylinder is fixed and the crankshaft rotates, but there was once a type of engine for aircraft in which the crankshaft was fixed and the cylinder rotated. Pile drivers used in civil engineering are also piston engines without a crank mechanism. The Wankel engine, which has a triangular rotor and a crank mechanism called an eccentric shaft instead of a cylindrical piston, is also a type of piston engine.

[Masatake Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

断面が円形で一端の閉じた円筒形のピストンがシリンダー内を往復し、それにシリンダー内の高圧ガスの圧力が作用して出力を得る構造のエンジン。蒸気機関やガソリンエンジン、ディーゼルエンジンなどがこの形式で、ガスタービンや蒸気タービン、ジェットエンジンなどの回転部分のみからなる回転型機関に対して、往復動機関(レシプロエンジン)と総称される。ピストンエンジンは、一般にはピストンの往復運動を回転運動に変換するクランク機構、カム機構などが必要で、回転型機関に比べて重量や振動の面で不利ではあるが、〔1〕高圧ガスの気密をピストン周囲の円形のピストンリングで保つために気密がよく、回転型機関より高圧のガスを用いることができる、〔2〕比較的容易にかつ安価に製造でき、取扱いも容易である、〔3〕小出力のものから大出力のものまで製造できる、などの利点があり、広く用いられている。

 一般にはシリンダー部分が固定してクランク軸が回転するが、かつて航空機用としてクランク軸が固定し、シリンダー部分が回転する型式のものもあった。また、土木工事などで用いられる杭(くい)打ち機もクランク機構をもたないピストンエンジンである。円筒形のピストンのかわりに三角形の回転子と、偏心軸といわれるクランク機構をもつバンケルエンジンも一種のピストンエンジンである。

[吉田正武]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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