A building and associated facilities established for the purpose of storing goods. [Mitsuo Morimoto] Warehouse FunctionsThe basic function of a warehouse is to store goods. Storage means to adjust the time of distribution by storing and managing goods. While transportation increases the value of goods by transferring them to a different location, storage increases the value of goods by adjusting the time between production and consumption. For example, agricultural products, which are harvested at regular intervals and consumed throughout the year, need to be stored for consumption during the non-harvest season. In this case, storage is usually done not only to maintain the physical properties, but also to add distribution processing such as grading. Even industrial products, if seasonal products (such as air conditioners) are produced on an average basis throughout the year, they must be stored at some stage before being consumed. In addition to seasonality, storage of goods is also necessary for dividing mass-produced products into small transportation units, mass collection of small and dispersed products, and price maintenance of excess products. [Mitsuo Morimoto] Warehouse TypesThere are several classification criteria. (1) Depending on whose goods are stored, they can be divided into private warehouses and commercial warehouses. The former are warehouses established by individual companies to store their own goods, while the latter are warehouses operated to store the goods of others. A business that operates commercial warehouses as a storage business is called a warehousing business. Companies operating warehousing businesses can be either full-time or part-time. Full-time businesses are businesses that only operate warehousing businesses, while part-time businesses are businesses that also operate other businesses (for example, transportation). (2) In terms of the location of warehouses for the goods they store, they can be divided into three categories: production area warehouses, distribution area warehouses, and consumption area warehouses. Production area warehouses are warehouses that store products until they are shipped to consumption areas, and examples of this include agricultural warehouses in rural areas, dried cocoon warehouses, and refrigerated warehouses at fishing ports. Distribution area warehouses are warehouses that store goods sent from production areas until they are sent to consumption areas. Examples of this include station warehouses, wholesaler warehouses, port warehouses, and transshipment warehouses near highway interchanges. Consumption area warehouses are located in consumption areas and store daily necessities and industrial raw materials consumed in the area. Urban warehouses are a typical example. (3) Depending on the purpose of storage, they are classified as storage warehouses, preservation warehouses, processing warehouses, and bonded warehouses. The difference between storage warehouses and preservation warehouses is mainly based on the length of time that goods are deposited in the warehouse. In this classification, a storage warehouse is a warehouse for long-term deposit. A processing warehouse, like a refrigerated warehouse, is not just used for storing fresh food, but also for carrying out some type of processing such as making ice or producing frozen foods. A bonded warehouse is established at a location designated by the customs office for the purpose of deferring the payment of customs duties and other taxes. For a certain period of time, stored goods are not considered imported goods and therefore are not taxed; tax is only levied when they are taken out of the warehouse. (4) Depending on the type of cargo stored, they can be divided into ordinary warehouses and special warehouses. Ordinary warehouses store general cargo and are often designed to store large amounts of cargo. Most urban warehouses and port warehouses belong to the ordinary warehouse category. In contrast, warehouses for specific goods that require special storage conditions, such as rice, silk thread, sugar, alcohol, tobacco, salt, fresh fish, and hazardous materials, are called special warehouses. [Mitsuo Morimoto] Warehouse structure and equipmentIn general, warehouses must be fireproof, earthquake-proof, heat-proof, moisture-proof, and water-proof, and must be safe from theft and insect damage. In addition, structures and equipment according to the nature of the goods to be stored are required. For example, for particularly flammable goods (chemicals, celluloid, gasoline, etc.), complete fire prevention, fire extinguishing, and alarm equipment must be provided, for goods that are sensitive to moisture and insect damage such as rice and other foods, moisture-proof, ventilation, and insect-proof equipment must be provided, and for goods that require low-temperature storage such as fresh fish, powerful refrigeration and freezing equipment must be provided. In addition, various loading and unloading equipment must be provided for carrying in and carrying out the goods, stacking and transferring goods within the warehouse, and loading and unloading goods onto freight cars, automobiles, barges, etc. within the premises. This is because the efficiency of storage work and the preservation of the properties of the stored goods are important conditions for a warehouse. In multi-storey warehouses that make effective use of land, equipment and facilities such as hoists, elevators, conveyors, and spiral chutes are indispensable. [Mitsuo Morimoto] WarehousingIt is a business that stores goods entrusted to it by others in its own commercial warehouse and receives a certain storage fee (kurashikiryo) in return. Companies that operate this business are called warehouse operators. Warehouse operators perform the following functions through the storage and management of goods: (1) Increasing the value of goods by adjusting supply and demand over time. As mentioned above, this is the basic function. (2) Preserving or increasing the value of stored goods by providing services such as packing, sorting, fumigation to prevent insect damage, drying, and care. (3) Stabilizing prices through the temporal adjustment of supply and demand. (4) When goods need to be transshipped at a station or port during transportation, the temporary storage of the goods facilitates transportation. (5) The issuance of warehouse receipts, which represent the ownership of the deposited goods, provides two benefits to the shipper: the shipper can freely buy and sell the goods by endorsing the warehouse receipt, without having to take the goods in and out each time; and the shipper can use the deposited goods as collateral to obtain funds. (6) Functions related to the storage of goods, such as warehouses, finance, cargo handling, port transportation, and collection of fees and charges. The warehousing industry is not only a business with a strong public nature, but also, due to its nature, is a capital-intensive business that requires the majority of huge capital to be invested in fixed assets such as land and buildings. Therefore, it is regulated by the Warehousing Business Act (1956). [Mitsuo Morimoto] New trends in warehousingThe first is the modernization of warehouses, which are called automated warehouses, unmanned warehouses, etc. A multi-layered storage warehouse with a structure partitioned by many shelves is built, and automated transport equipment such as conveyors and lifts are installed, which are controlled online by a computer. This not only enables goods to be automatically stored and retrieved without human intervention, but also allows immediate and complete control of inventory contents, making it possible to simultaneously improve work efficiency and optimize inventory management. It started as private warehouses for department stores, major supermarkets, and assembly-type manufacturing companies that use many parts, and is now spreading to commercial warehouses as well. The second is a new business model called storage rooms, which mainly serve individuals. In response to the needs of individuals who want to store their belongings while they are rebuilding their home or working overseas, humidity- and temperature-controlled warehouses are provided for the storage of household goods. [Mitsuo Morimoto] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
財貨の保管を目的として設けられた建物およびそれに付帯する設備。 [森本三男] 倉庫の機能倉庫の基本的機能は財貨の保管である。保管とは、財貨を貯蔵し管理することによって、流通の時間的調節を図ることをいう。運送が財貨の場所的移転によって財貨の価値を増大するのに対して、保管は、生産と消費の間を時間的に調整することによって財貨の価値を増大する。たとえば、農産物のように収穫が一定期で消費が年間を通じて行われるものは、非収穫期の消費のための保管が必要である。この場合は、単に物理的な性状維持のためばかりでなく、等級分類など流通上の処理を加えて行われるのが普通である。工業製品でも季節性商品(クーラーなど)を年間平均的に生産すれば、消費に至るどこかの段階で保管をしなければならない。このような季節性以外に、大量生産製品の少量運送単位への分割、少量・分散生産物の大量集荷、過剰生産物の価格維持などのためにも、財貨の保管が必要となる。 [森本三男] 倉庫の種類いくつかの分類基準がある。 (1)だれの財貨を保管するかによって、自家倉庫と営業倉庫に分けられる。前者は個々の企業などが自己の財貨を保管するために設ける倉庫であり、後者は他人の財貨を保管するために経営される倉庫である。保管を業として営業倉庫を経営する事業を倉庫業という。倉庫業を営む企業には、専業と兼業の両形態がある。専業は倉庫業のみを営むものであり、兼業は他の事業(たとえば運送業)をあわせ経営するものである。 (2)保管する財貨に対する倉庫の立地からみると、生産地倉庫、集散地倉庫、消費地倉庫に三分される。生産地倉庫は生産物を消費地に向けて出荷するまで保管する倉庫であり、農村の農業倉庫や乾繭倉庫、漁港の冷蔵倉庫などはこれである。生産地から送られてきた財貨を消費地へ送り出すまでの間、保管する倉庫が、集散地倉庫である。駅倉庫、卸売商の倉庫、港湾倉庫、高速道路インターチェンジ付近の積替え倉庫などはこれである。消費地に位置し、その地域で消費される生活用品や工業用原材料などを保管するのが、消費地倉庫である。都市倉庫はその典型である。 (3)保管を行う目的によって、保管倉庫、保存倉庫、加工倉庫、保税倉庫に分けられる。保管倉庫と保存倉庫の相違は、主として倉庫に財貨を寄託する期間の長短による。この区分では、保存倉庫は長期寄託のための倉庫をいう。加工倉庫は、冷蔵倉庫のように、単に生鮮食料品の保管を行うだけでなく、製氷や冷凍食品の生産のようなある種の処理を加えるものをいう。保税倉庫は、関税等の税金の納付を猶予してもらう目的で税関の指定を受けてその所在地に設けられる。一定期間を限り、保管財貨は輸入品とみなされず、したがって課税されず、蔵出しのときに初めて課税される。 (4)保管する貨物の種類によって、普通倉庫と特別倉庫に分けられる。普通倉庫は一般貨物を保管するもので、大量貨物の保管に適した構造をもつものが多い。都市倉庫、港湾倉庫の大部分は普通倉庫に属する。これに対して、米穀、繭糸、砂糖、酒類、たばこ、塩、鮮魚、危険物など、特別の保管条件を必要とする特定財貨のための倉庫を特別倉庫という。 [森本三男] 倉庫の構造・設備一般に耐火・耐震・耐熱・耐湿・耐水で、盗難や虫害に対しても安全でなければならない。これに加えて、保管する財貨の性状に応じた構造と設備が必要である。たとえば、特別に引火しやすいもの(化学薬品、セルロイド、ガソリンなど)には、完全な防火・消火・警報設備を、米穀その他の食品のように湿気や虫害を嫌うものについては、防湿・換気・防虫設備を、鮮魚のように低温保管を必要とするものについては、強力な冷蔵・冷凍設備を用意しなければならない。また、保管財貨の搬入・搬出、倉庫内の財貨の積上げ・積替え、構内での貨車・自動車・艀(はしけ)などへの積降ろしなどのために、各種の荷役設備が整っていなければならない。保管作業の能率化と保管財貨の性状保全は、倉庫の重要条件だからである。土地の有効利用に伴う多階建て倉庫では、起重機、エレベーター、コンベヤー、スパイラルシュートのような設備・施設が不可欠である。 [森本三男] 倉庫業他人から寄託された財貨を自己の営業倉庫に保管し、その代価として一定の保管料(倉敷料(くらしきりょう))を受け取る事業をいう。この事業を営む企業を倉庫業者という。倉庫業者は、財貨の保管と管理を通じて、次のような機能を果たす。 (1)供給と需要を時間的に調整することにより、財貨の価値を増大する。上述したように、これが基本機能である。 (2)保管財貨の荷造り、仕分け、燻蒸(くんじょう)による虫害防止、乾燥、手入れなどのサービスを提供することにより、財貨の価値を維持し、あるいは増大する。 (3)供給と需要の時間的調整を通じて、価格を安定させる。 (4)運送途中の財貨を駅や港で積み替える必要がある場合、その財貨の一時保管によって運送を円滑化する。 (5)寄託財貨の所有権を表す倉荷(くらに)証券(倉庫証券)を発行することにより、荷主に対し次の2点の便宜を与える。荷主は保管中の財貨をいちいち出し入れしなくとも、倉荷証券の裏書によってその財貨を自由に売買できること、同様にして寄託中の財貨を担保にして資金の融通が受けられることである。 (6)財貨の保管以外の付随業務による機能である。それは、貸庫(かしぐら)(貸倉庫)、金融、荷役、港湾運送、代金・運賃の取り立てなどである。 倉庫業は公共性の強い事業であるばかりでなく、業務の性質上、巨額の資本の大半を土地・建物のような固定資産に投下しなければならない設備集約的な事業であるため、倉庫業法(1956年)によって規制が加えられている。 [森本三男] 倉庫の新動向第一は、自動倉庫、自動化倉庫、無人倉庫などとよばれる倉庫の近代化である。内部を多数の棚で仕切った構造にした多層式の格納倉庫をつくり、コンベヤー、リフトなどの自動化運搬機器を備え、それらをコンピュータでオンライン制御する方法をとる。これによって財貨の出入庫を無人で自動的に遂行できるばかりでなく、在庫内容を即時・完全に掌握できるようになるから、作業の効率化と在庫適正化の管理が同時に可能となる。百貨店、大手スーパー、多数部品を使用する組立て型製造業などの自家倉庫から始まり、営業倉庫にも広まりつつある。第二は、トランク・ルームとよばれる主として個人を相手にした新しい業態である。家の建て替えや海外勤務などのため、家財を保管してもらいたいという個人需要にこたえて、湿度・温度をコントロールした倉庫を用意し、家財の保管を行うものである。 [森本三男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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