The word originates from the Greek word for uterus, originating from the time of Hippocrates, and at that time it meant a disease of the uterus. The first person to propose it as a concept in the field of modern medicine was the French neurologist Paul Briquet (1796-1881), and it was also called Briquet's disease. Briquet's characteristics were: (1) it is more prevalent in women, (2) the onset is often at age 20, and most cases before age 30, (3) the course is consistent and predictable, (4) patients complain of various pains, anxiety, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and (5) they are often hospitalized and undergo frequent surgeries. Later, the French neurologist Charcot took notice of Briquet's description and used hypnosis to study hysteria, claiming that only hysterical patients could be hypnotized, and that this was due to a certain vulnerability in the brain. In other words, it was a theory of the predisposition to hysteria. It is not widely accepted today. The decisive advances in the understanding of hysteria were the cathartic therapy (talk therapy involving the release of emotions) under hypnotic induction by Austrian physiologist and neurologist Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and the subsequent establishment of psychoanalysis by Freud. In other words, hysteria was interpreted as a mental conflict that could not be dealt with and was repressed into the unconscious, and the mental energy at that time was transformed into physical symptoms (conversion hysteria or conversion disorder) or dissociative symptoms (dissociative hysteria or dissociative disorder). Dissociative symptoms are a phenomenon in which a part of the psychological function is cut off from other functions and acts independently. According to Freud, the etiology of hysteria was interpreted as originating from the triangular relationship between parents and child in childhood, that is, the Oedipus complex. However, subsequent psychoanalytic research has suggested that the cause lies in the mother-child relationship in the early stages of life, long before the Oedipus complex arose. However, there are also people who have positions other than psychoanalysis, and the concept of hysteria is not completely unified. The term hysteria has been used not only to refer to neurosis, but also to terms such as "hysterical personality" and "hysterical psychosis," making it difficult to clarify the concept. In addition, the frequency of hysteria and its symptoms are influenced by changes in culture and social conditions, which makes it difficult to understand hysteria. During wars and social upheavals, noticeable physical symptoms such as convulsions, loss of balance, and loss of mobility appear, but in peacetime such as today's Japan, pain is more common. The former is called classical hysteria. Dissociative symptoms include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue (wandering away from home or usual workplace and being unable to recall the past), dissociative identity disorder (so-called multiple personality disorder), and depersonalization, and recently, there has been an increase in cases of dissociative identity disorder, especially among young women. It is a misconception that hysteria is a disease that only women suffer from; many cases of hysteria occurred in the military during the war. It is also incorrect to say that only people with hysterical personalities are susceptible to hysteria. Characteristics of the hysterical personality include (1) histrionic and attention-grabbing behavior, (2) egocentrism, (3) emotional instability, (4) seductiveness and allure, (5) verbal exaggeration, and (6) dependency. In other words, it is a personality with a strong tendency toward self-exhibitionism. Currently, the term hysterical personality has been abandoned in the field of psychiatry and is referred to as histrionic personality disorder. [Masahisa Nishizono] "The History of Hysteria" by Etienne Trier, translated by Ichiro Yasuda and Rei Yokokura (1998, Seidosha) " "Hysteria: The Child of Psychoanalysis" by J.D. Nacio, translated by Kazuhiko Aneha (1998, Seidosha)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
語源は子宮を意味するギリシア語で、ヒポクラテスの時代に端を発し、当時は子宮の病という意味をもっていた。近代医学的領域の一つの概念として初めて提唱したのは、フランスの神経病学者ブリッケPaul Briquet(1796―1881)で、ブリッケ病ともよばれた。ブリッケの記載した特徴は、(1)女性に多くみられること、(2)発病は多くは20歳、ほとんどが30歳以前であること、(3)経過が一定で予測もできること、(4)いろいろな痛み、不安、胃腸症状を訴えること、(5)しばしば入院し、また手術をたびたび受けること、などであった。その後、フランスの神経病学者シャルコーは、このブリッケの記載に注目し、催眠法を使ってヒステリー研究を行い、ヒステリー患者のみが催眠にかかり、それは脳にある種の脆弱(ぜいじゃく)性があるからであると主張した。つまり、ヒステリーの素質論である。今日ではそれほど受け入れられてはいない。ヒステリーの理解に決定的な進歩をもたらしたのは、オーストリアの生理学者で神経科医のブロイエルJosef Breuer(1842―1925)の催眠誘導下でのカタルシス療法(感情の発散を伴った談話療法)や、それに続くフロイトの精神分析の確立であった。すなわち、ヒステリーは精神的葛藤(かっとう)が処理できず、無意識領域に抑圧され、その際の精神的エネルギーが形を変えて身体症状(転換ヒステリーあるいは転換性障害)や解離症状(解離ヒステリーあるいは解離性障害)となって現れたものであると解釈されるに至った。解離症状とは心理機能の一部が他と連絡を断たれて独自の活動を営む現象である。そして、フロイトによると、ヒステリーの病因は幼少時の両親と子供の三角関係、つまりエディプス・コンプレックスに由来すると解釈された。もっとも、その後の精神分析の研究によると、エディプス・コンプレックスの生ずるよりずっと以前の人生早期の母子関係に原因があるという主張が現れている。 しかし、精神分析以外の立場の人もいて、ヒステリーの概念が完全に統一されているわけではない。ヒステリーという用語は神経症においてばかりではなく、「ヒステリー性格」や「ヒステリー精神病」などという使い方がこれまでされていて、概念の明確化が困難であるからである。また、ヒステリーの発生頻度や病像が文化や社会的条件の変化の影響を受けることも、ヒステリーの理解を困難にしている。戦争中や社会動乱下では、けいれん、失立、失歩など、目だつ身体症状が現れるが、今日の日本のような平和時では疼痛(とうつう)などが多い。前者を古典的ヒステリーとよんでいる。解離症状としては解離性健忘、解離性遁走(とんそう)(家庭または普段の職場から離れて放浪し、過去を想起できなくなる)、解離性同一性障害(いわゆる多重人格障害)、離人症などがあるが、最近では若い女性を中心に解離性同一性障害と診断される例が増加している。 ヒステリーは女性だけの病気というのは誤解であり、戦争中、軍隊で多くのヒステリーが発生した。また、ヒステリー性格者のみがヒステリーにかかるというのも正しくない。ヒステリー性格の特徴は、(1)演技的で人の関心を買う行動、(2)自己中心性、(3)情緒不安定性、(4)誘惑・魅惑的、(5)言語の誇張、(6)依存性、などがあげられる。つまり、自己顕示性が強い性格である。なお、現在、精神医学領域ではヒステリー性格という用語をやめて、演技性人格障害とよんでいる。 [西園昌久] 『エティエンヌ・トリヤ著、安田一郎・横倉れい訳『ヒステリーの歴史』(1998・青土社)』▽『J・D・ナシオ著、姉歯一彦訳『ヒステリー――精神分析の申し子』(1998・青土社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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