Cathode rays

Japanese: 陰極線 - いんきょくせん
Cathode rays

Also called electron beams, these refer to the flow of electrons in a vacuum. Originally, the term referred to the flow of electrons from a cathode caused by discharge in a thin gas that was close to a vacuum (vacuum discharge), but later came to be used to refer to electrons emitted from a cathode heated to a high temperature in a vacuum (thermionic emission) without the need for discharge. Cathode rays have the ability to ionize gases, cause fluorescence in various substances, and expose photographic plates, and when accelerated by high voltage, they produce X-rays.

Due to these properties, cathode rays are widely used in the field of electronics. For example, a vacuum tube in which the direction of the electron flow can be freely changed by using a magnetic or electric field, and the surface on which the electrons hit is coated with a phosphor, is called a cathode ray tube. As the representative cathode ray tube, the cathode ray tube has become indispensable in scientific research and daily life, but television displays are gradually being replaced by LCD screens. On the other hand, X-ray tubes use X-rays to view various materials, including in medical and non-destructive testing. Furthermore, electron microscopes make it possible to see the ultra-microscopic world by forming an electro-optical image of an electron beam.

[Tadatoshi Azuma]

History of discovery

In 1858, Plucker discovered that when a low-pressure gas discharge occurred at about one millionth of an atmosphere, the glass tube wall near the anode facing the cathode emitted fluorescence. This was considered a mysterious form of radiation, but Hittorf, Crookes and others later confirmed that it was a flow of negatively charged particles. It was Goldstein who gave this particle beam the name cathode rays in 1876, and J. J. Thomson speculated that their true identity was that of electrons, a particle that is the main component of atoms. The discovery and elucidation of cathode rays has made a major contribution to the development of atomic physics.

[Tadatoshi Azuma]

[References] | Cathode ray tube | Goldstein | Electron gun | Thomson | Cathode ray tube | Plucker
Observation of Cathode Rays (1)
When a voltage is applied to a cross-shaped metal plate that acts as an anode, some of the electrons emitted from the cathode are blocked, casting a shadow on the fluorescent screen .

Observation of Cathode Rays (1)

Observation of Cathode Rays (2)
The electrons emitted from the cathode on the right side rotate the impeller and move from right to left .

Observation of Cathode Rays (2)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電子線ともいい、真空中の電子の流れをさす。もともと真空に近い薄い気体中での放電(真空放電)による陰極からの電子の流れをさしていたが、その後、放電によらなくても、真空中で高温に加熱された陰極から放出される(熱電子放出)電子も陰極線とよばれるようになった。陰極線は気体を電離する能力や種々の物質への蛍光作用、写真乾板の感光などの働きをもち、高電圧で加速するとX線を発生させる。

 以上の性質から、陰極線はエレクトロニクスの分野で広く利用されている。たとえば電子の流れの方向を磁界や電界により自由に変えられるようにし、電子の当たる面に蛍光体を塗布した真空管はブラウン管とよばれる。ブラウン管は陰極線管の代表として、科学研究や生活に欠かせないものになったが、テレビ用は液晶画面などにかわりつつある。一方、X線管はX線によって、医療をはじめ非破壊検査など、種々の物質の透視に用いられる。さらに電子顕微鏡は電子線の電子光学的結像によって、超微小な世界を見ることを可能にしたものである。

[東 忠利]

発見の歴史

1858年プリュッカーが100万分の1気圧程度の低圧気体中の放電において、陰極に向き合う陽極付近のガラス管壁が蛍光を生じることを発見した。これは謎(なぞ)の放射線とされていたが、その後、ヒットルフやクルックスらによって、それが負電荷をもった粒子の流れであることが確認された。この粒子線に陰極線という名を与えたのは、1876年ゴルトシュタインで、その正体が原子の主要な構成要素である粒子、つまり電子であることがJ・J・トムソンによって推測された。陰極線の発見と解明は原子物理学の発展に大きな貢献をしている。

[東 忠利]

[参照項目] | 陰極線管 | ゴルトシュタイン | 電子銃 | トムソン | ブラウン管 | プリュッカー
陰極線の観察(1)
十文字の金属板を陽極にして電圧をかけると、陰極から発した電子の一部が遮られ、蛍光面に影を映す©Shogakukan">

陰極線の観察(1)

陰極線の観察(2)
右端の陰極から発する電子によって、羽根車が回転しながら、右から左へ移動する©Shogakukan">

陰極線の観察(2)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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