Picric acid - picric acid

Japanese: ピクリン酸 - ぴくりんさん(英語表記)picric acid
Picric acid - picric acid

Common name for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. J.B.A. Dumas of France, who determined the correct composition, gave it the name acid picrique (French) from the Greek word pikros, meaning "bitter". In 1885, France began using it as a military explosive, and other countries followed suit. During the Russo-Japanese War, it was used as an explosive for cannonballs and torpedoes under the name Shimose gunpowder until the end of the Pacific War. However, it had problems such as being highly sensitive to impacts and friction, reacting with heavy metals to form very sensitive metal salts, and being prone to cavity detonation (when the explosive inside a cannonball explodes inside the barrel due to the acceleration at the time of firing, destroying the barrel), which makes it different from trinitrotoluene (TNT), which has no such problems.

It has been used as a core charge for detonating cords (a substance placed in the center of a detonating cord that propagates combustion or detonation), a raw material for the primary explosive (diazodinitrophenol = DDNP), a raw material for the explosive ammonium picrate (explosive D), a raw material for the whistle charge in fireworks, and a standard explosive for explosive power.

Picric acid, as produced, is a bright yellow crystal that exists in two polycrystalline forms, but when recrystallized from ethanol (ethyl alcohol), it is obtained as long, flat crystals of orthorhombic form. It has an explosion velocity of 7,260 meters per second with a specific gravity of 1.71. Picric acid can be obtained by the sulfonation process using the sulfonation of phenol followed by a desulfonation-nitration reaction, or by the nitration of chlorobenzene and hydrolysis of the resulting trinitrochlorobenzene.

[Tadao Yoshida and Shingo Date]

[References] | Gunpowder | Shimose Gunpowder | Dumas [Supplementary information] | Picric acid (Data Note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2,4,6-トリニトロフェノールの慣用名。正しい組成を決定したフランスのJ・B・A・デュマが「苦い」を意味するギリシア語pikrosから、acid picrique(フランス語)の名を与えた。1885年フランスが軍用爆薬として用いるに至って、各国もこれに倣った。日露戦争では下瀬(しもせ)火薬の名で砲弾や魚雷用の炸薬(さくやく)として太平洋戦争終戦まで用いられた。しかし、打撃や摩擦に対して感度が高いこと、重金属と化合して非常に敏感な金属塩をつくること、腔発(こうはつ)(砲弾内の炸薬が発射の際の加速度により砲身内で爆発して砲身を破壊)しやすいことなどの問題点があったところが、それらの欠点のないトリニトロトルエン(TNT)と異なる点である。

 導爆線の心薬(導火線または導爆線の中央に配置され、燃焼または爆轟(ばくごう)を伝播(でんぱ)する物質)、起爆薬(ジアゾジニトロフェノール=DDNP)の原料、炸薬ピクリン酸アンモニウム(D爆薬=explosive D)の原料、花火の笛薬(ふえやく)の原料、爆発威力の基準爆薬などとして用いられてきた。

 製造されたときのピクリン酸は明るい黄色結晶で二つの多晶形で存在するが、エタノール(エチルアルコール)から再結晶すると斜方晶形の長い平たい結晶で得られる。爆速は比重1.71で毎秒7260メートルである。ピクリン酸は、フェノールのスルホン化とそれに続く脱スルホン酸ニトロ化反応を用いたスルホン化法、またはクロルベンゼンのニトロ化と生成したトリニトロクロルベンゼンの加水分解によって得られる。

[吉田忠雄・伊達新吾]

[参照項目] | 火薬 | 下瀬火薬 | デュマ[補完資料] | ピクリン酸(データノート)

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