Outside the institution - Ingaidan

An action group made up of party members who became alienated as political parties became parliamentary parties. When the Imperial Diet was opened (1889), political parties differentiated into an in-parliament group, a group of Diet members, and an out-parliament group, a group of non-Diet members. Once party politics was established and political parties began to function as groups of Diet members, the out-parliament group was institutionalized as an action squad directly under the party headquarters. The action squad function of the out-parliament group was eventually taken over by nationalist groups that were affiliated with political parties, and the out-parliament group lost sight of its raison d'être.

It was at the beginning of the 20th century that the Rikken Seiyukai Party established the House of Representatives Extra-Division as a formal organization. During the Liberal Party's stage, before the founding of the Rikken Seiyukai Party, organizations of outsiders took the form of the Soshidan. In the Liberal Party, which was a group of notables, the Soshidan played the role of a local organization. The activities of the Santama Soshi, represented by Murano Tsuneemon, are a prime example of the Soshidan. Ono Banboku, who began his political activities with the Taishō Political Crisis, became a member of the Seiyukai House of Representatives Extra-Division after approaching Murano. Ono is a prime example of a politician who originated from the House of Representatives Extra-Division, and the connection between Murano and Ono shows the process of the transformation from the Soshidan to the House of Representatives Extra-Division.

The existence of the Ingaidan was recognized due to its activities during the Taisho Political Crisis, but the nature of its activities was similar to that of organized crime. The violent behavioral patterns seen in the former Minto's Soshidan were inherited by the Ingaidan organization of the Rito, and eventually led to its loss of status to nationalist groups. The clique-like nature that was revealed by Japanese political parties as they became modern was most clearly manifested in the Ingaidan.

In the United States, party machines and lobbying are examples of extra-parliamentary groups in a broad sense, but violence is strictly regulated there. The Labour Party Conference in the British Parliamentary Labour Party also shows a form of extra-parliamentary groups in a broad sense, but it does not show any parasitism towards parliamentary groups. Both lobbying and the Labour Party Conference aim to function as pressure groups in the policy-making process, and are different from the extra-parliamentary groups of the past in Japan.

[Hirohiro Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

政治党派が議院政党化する過程で疎外された党員たちによる行動団体。帝国議会の開設時（1889）に、政治党派は議員集団としての院内集団と非議員集団としての院外集団に分化した。政党政治が確立し、政党が議員集団として機能するようになると、院外集団は政党本部に直属する行動隊としての院外団に制度化されることになった。院外団の行動隊機能は、やがて、政党系列化された国家主義団体に受け継がれ、院外団は自らの存在意義を見失うことになる。

　立憲政友会が院外団を正規の機関として発足させたのは、20世紀の初頭であった。立憲政友会が結党される前の自由党段階において、院外者の組織は壮士団の形をとっていた。名望家集団としての自由党にあって、壮士団は地方組織の役割を果たしていた。村野常右衛門(つねえもん)に代表される三多摩壮士の動向が壮士団の代表例である。大正政変を機会に政治活動を開始した大野伴睦(ばんぼく)は、村野への接近から政友会院外団員となった。大野は、院外団出身政治家の代表例であるが、村野と大野のつながりは、そのまま壮士団から院外団への転化の過程を示すものとなっている。

　大正政変時の活躍で、院外団は存在意義を認められたが、その活動内容は暴力団に近いものであった。かつての民党の壮士団にみられた暴力主義的行動様式は、そのまま吏党の院外団組織に受け継がれ、やがて国家主義団体にその地位を奪われる要因となっている。日本の政党が近代政党化する過程で露呈させた徒党的性格は、院外団にもっとも端的に現れていた。

　アメリカの政党組織におけるマシーンやロビイングなどは広義の院外集団機能の発揮であるが、そこでは暴力主義が厳しく規制されている。イギリスの議会労働党に対する労働党大会のあり方も、広義の院外集団の一形態を示しているが、議員集団への寄生性は見受けられない。ロビイングも労働党大会も、政策形成過程における圧力団体機能の発揮を目ざすものとなっていて、日本におけるかつての院外団とは異質である。

［高橋彦博］

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