A device for liquefying gas. When only a single substance is being handled, such as in a steam engine condenser (a condenser for recovering vapor) or a refrigerator condenser, the boiling point of the liquid is determined by the pressure (vapor pressure), so vapor can be condensed and liquefied by cooling it below that temperature. shows this concept. If vapor at point A (temperature t A , pressure p A ) is cooled under constant pressure, it will condense at temperature t B. On the other hand, even if the temperature is constant, condensation can also occur at pressure p C by compressing it. However, the former method is often used, and when it is necessary to distinguish it from the latter, it is called a "cooler condenser."When dealing with a mixture of condensable vapor (water vapor) and non-condensable gas (a component that does not condense in the operating temperature range - air), such as in the case of adjusting humidity in the atmosphere, the pressure in the figure can be considered as the vapor partial pressure in the same way, but in actual operation, the non-condensable gas may prevent the vapor from diffusing to the cooling surface, making the design of the condenser more complicated than in the case of a single component. Also, when there are two or more condensable components, such as the overhead condenser of a distillation unit, it is necessary to keep in mind that the vapor composition and the condensed liquid composition differ during the condensation process. A condenser is a device that changes the phase from gas to liquid, but it is necessary to remove the sensible heat and latent heat of condensation from the initial state to the saturation temperature, so in this respect it can be considered a type of heat exchanger. Therefore, the type of condenser is the same as that of a heat exchanger, and vertical or horizontal multi-tube types are particularly widely used. When operating below the triple point (defined by the material), a gas-solid phase change occurs and the condensate is obtained as a solid phase ( ). This is the reverse of sublimation, and is used as a cryogenic trap in vacuum pumping systems and in centrifuge operations for radioactive uranium.[Yuji Kawamura] [References] | | |©Shogakukan "> Condensation in a one-component system (Fig. A) ©Shogakukan "> The relationship between condensation and solidification (antisublimation) [Figure B] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気体を液化させるための装置。蒸気機関の復水器(蒸気回収用凝縮器)や冷凍機用凝縮器のように取り扱う物質が単一の場合には、その液の沸点は圧力(蒸気圧)によって定まるので、その温度以下に冷却することによって、蒸気を凝縮液化させることができる。 はその概念を示す。点Aの状態(温度tA、圧力pA)の蒸気を圧力一定の下で冷却すれば温度tBにおいて凝縮する。他方、温度は一定でも圧縮することによって圧力pCにおいても凝縮がおこる。しかし、多くの場合前者の方法が用いられ、とくに後者と区別する必要がある場合「冷却凝縮器」cooler condenserとよばれる。大気中の湿度調整の場合のように凝縮性蒸気(水蒸気)と非凝縮性ガス(操作する温度範囲で凝縮をおこさない成分――空気)との混合物を取り扱う場合も、図の圧力を蒸気分圧として同様に考えてよいが、実際の操作では非凝縮性ガスが冷却面への蒸気の拡散を妨げることなどもあって、凝縮器の設計は単一成分の場合より複雑となる。また、蒸留装置の塔頂凝縮器のように、凝縮成分が2成分以上の場合には、凝縮過程で蒸気組成と凝縮液組成が異なることにも留意する必要がある。 凝縮器は気相から液相への相変化を目的とする装置であるが、初期状態から飽和温度までの顕熱ならびに凝縮潜熱を除去する必要があり、この面では一種の熱交換器と考えてよい。したがって凝縮器の型式は熱交換器と同様であり、とくに垂直型または水平型の多管式のものが多く用いられる。 三重点(物質によって定まっている)以下で操作する場合には気‐固間の相変化となり凝縮物は固相として得られる( )。昇華の逆向きの操作であり、真空排気系や放射性ウランの遠心分離操作のなかで、低温トラップとして用いられている。[河村祐治] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 一成分系における凝縮〔図A〕 ©Shogakukan"> 凝縮と凝固(逆昇華)との関係〔図B〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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