Pantomime - Pantomime

Japanese: パントマイム - ぱんとまいむ(英語表記)pantomime
Pantomime - Pantomime

A silent play or a silent drama. It refers to a performing art that expresses itself through gestures and facial expressions without using words, as well as the techniques, scripts, actors, and performances. It is sometimes simply called mime. Its origin is the compound word pantomimos, which is a combination of the Greek words pantos (all) and mimos (mimicry). It is said to have been invented by the poet Sophron in the 5th century BC, or that the famous actor Teletes perfected the expression using only his fingers and dance. The word appears in Xenophon's Symposium in the 4th century BC, but it was during the Roman era that it became an independent performing art. The dance drama Saltica fabula, in which dancers perform gestures only to the accompaniment of a singer, emphasized the element of imitation. It was perfected by Pylades around the 2nd century BC, and produced many great actors, such as Batirus, who played both Leda and the Swan, and Theodora, who was the emperor's favorite and became his wife, and became a huge hit.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, pantomime was absorbed into the general arts of the Middle Ages, and was succeeded by the Commedia dell'arte and clowning in the 16th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was called the masked court dance and ballet based on ancient mythology. In the 19th century, the comical Christmas pantomimes of Grimaldi and his son became popular in England, and the Laurent brothers, Philip Astley, and the Franconi family were also active, and Hanlon Lee's theater company toured France. Meanwhile, in Paris, the famous actor Deburau played a sophisticated clown role at the Théâtre de Funambure, creating the golden age of modern pantomime.

Pantomime, which had temporarily declined due to the popularity of spectacle theater and the influence of naturalism at the end of the 19th century and was finally passed down through the acts of circus clowns, was revived in silent films by many great actors including Chaplin in the early 20th century, and was reevaluated by modern theater leaders such as Copeau, Stanislavski, and Meyerhold, who emphasized the plastic elements of acting. It was then used to train actors, and from there, physical training without dialogue came to be called pantomime. At the same time, pantomime as an independent performing art was explored by French artists such as Etienne Decroux, and Jean-Louis Barrault and Marcel Marceau joined them, creating modern mime, which uses the compression of time and space and the reactions of each part of the body to the outside world as a means of expression, and attempts to express not only human psychology but also communion with the universe. Barrault demonstrated the results of his work in the avant-garde play Les Misérables (1944) and the film Les Enfants d'Art (1945), while Marceau played Bip, a modern version of Pierrot, perfecting the "style of mime" that aimed for silent poetic drama. Other theaters still active in France include Wolfram Mehring's Théâtre de Mandragord and Jacques Lecoq's School. Other theaters that continue to operate independently include the Cologne Pantomime Company in Germany, led by Milan Sladek, originally from Czechoslovakia, and the Polish Ballet Mime Company, led by Henryk Tomaszewski.

There was no independent form of pantomime in the East, but elements of it can be seen in Egyptian rituals and the ancient Indian Shiva dance. In Japan, there are many elements that are in effect pantomime, including the performance of Honosusori-no-Mikoto drowning in the sea in the Nihon Shoki, Kagura, Mibu Kyogen, the silences of Kabuki, and scenes from dance dramas.

[Ando Shinya]

"M. Marceau and H. Jerlinck's Dialogue, Translated by Koji Ozaki, The Art of Pantomime (1971, Miraisha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

黙劇、無言劇。ことばを用いず身ぶりや表情によって表現する芸能、およびその技術、台本、俳優、上演などをさす。単にマイムmimeとよばれることもある。ギリシア語のパントス(すべて)とミモス(物真似(まね)を中心とした雑芸)の合成語パントミモスが語源。古くは紀元前5世紀の詩人ソプロンの発明とも、名優テレテスが手の指と舞踊のみによる表現を完成したともいわれ、前4世紀のクセノフォンの『饗宴(きょうえん)』にこの語がみえるが、芸能として独立するのはローマ時代である。歌手の歌にあわせて踊り手が身ぶりのみを演じる舞踊劇サルティカ・ファブラの物真似の要素が強調され、前2世紀ごろピュラデスによって完成されて、レダと白鳥を1人で演じ分けたバテュルスや、皇帝に寵愛(ちょうあい)されて妃となったテオドラなどの名優が輩出して一世を風靡(ふうび)した。

 ローマ帝国の解体とともにパントマイムは中世の雑芸に吸収され、16世紀のコメディア・デラルテや道化の芸に受け継がれ、17、18世紀には仮面をつけ古代神話に取材した宮廷舞踊やバレエがこの名でよばれた。19世紀に入るとイギリスではグリマルディ父子の喜劇的なクリスマス・パントマイムが流行し、ローレント兄弟、フィリップ・アストレー、フランコーニ一家なども活躍し、ハンロン・リーの劇団はフランスにも巡業した。一方、パリでは名優ドビュローがフュナンビュール座で洗練されたピエロを演じて近代パントマイムの黄金時代をつくりだした。

 19世紀末にスペクタクル劇の人気や自然主義の影響で一時衰退し、サーカスのクラウンの芸によってやっと伝えられていたパントマイムは、20世紀初頭にはチャップリンをはじめとする多くの名優によって無声映画のなかで再生するとともに、演技の造形的要素を重視するコポー、スタニスラフスキー、メイエルホリドなど現代劇の指導者によって再評価された。そして俳優養成に利用され、そこから、台詞(せりふ)抜きの身体訓練がパントマイムとよばれるようになった。同時に、独立した舞台芸術としてのパントマイムもフランスのエチエンヌ・ドクルーらによって探究され、ジャン・ルイ・バローやマルセル・マルソーがそれに加わって、時間と空間の圧縮や体の各部の外界に対する反応を表現手段として、人間の心理だけでなく宇宙との交感まで表そうとする現代マイムが創造されてゆく。バローはその成果を前衛劇『母をめぐって』や映画『天井桟敷(てんじょうさじき)の人々』(1944)で示し、マルソーはピエロを現代化したビップを演じて沈黙の詩劇を目ざす「様式のマイム」を完成する。そのほかフランスではウォルフラム・メーリングのマンドラゴール座やジャック・ルコックの学校が現在も活躍している。旧チェコスロバキア出身のミラン・スラデク率いるドイツのケルン・パントマイム劇団や、ヘンリック・トマシェフスキ主宰のポーランド・バレエ・マイム劇団なども独自の活動を続けている。

 東洋では黙劇として独立したものはなかったが、エジプトの祭儀や古代インドのシバの舞踊などにその要素がみられる。日本でも『日本書紀』中の火闌降命(ほのすそりのみこと)が海に溺(おぼ)れるさまを表す演技をはじめ、神楽(かぐら)、壬生(みぶ)狂言、歌舞伎(かぶき)のだんまり、舞踊劇の一場面などに事実上パントマイムにあたるものは少なくない。

[安堂信也]

『M・マルソー、H・イエーリンク対談、尾崎宏次訳『パントマイム芸術』(1971・未来社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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