Reaction - Handou (English spelling)

Japanese: 反動 - はんどう(英語表記)reaction
Reaction - Handou (English spelling)

Originally a mechanical term, it means a reaction to an action, and although it is sometimes used in its entirety to describe social phenomena (natural reaction), it usually means a reaction to progress (political reaction). After the French Revolution, reaction, as a specific historical category and as a term to indicate a certain political partisanship, became the prototype for subsequent reactionaries, as the policies, political methods, and ways of thinking of the French royalists who opposed the ideals and principles of the French Revolution. The short book Des réactions politiques (1797) by the French thinker Benjamin Constant is considered to be the beginning of the political analysis of reaction.

Thus, reaction as a political term originally meant a reaction against revolution, but Marxism, by regarding history as discontinuous progress mediated by revolution, opened the way to consider reaction against revolution as a reaction against progress at the same time. On the other hand, American political scientist Lowell distinguished four political tendencies based on two axes: affirmation or negativity of the current situation, and optimism or pessimism about the future. According to this, reaction or reactionaries are political tendencies or political forces that are dissatisfied with the current situation, pessimistic about the future, and do not believe in the possibility of reform. They are distinguished from conservatives in terms of their evaluation of the current situation and from radicals in terms of their predictions about the future, and are in opposition to liberals on both axes. In other words, Lowell regards reaction as the opposite concept to liberals.

In Japan, the term "conservative reaction" is used in everyday life, but since conservatism is based on the premise of a positive selection of values ​​that should be preserved, it must be distinguished from reaction, which is inherently passive and antagonistic. The typical example of political reaction in modern times is fascism, which is anti-revolutionary, anti-progressive, and anti-freedom in every respect.

[Taguchi Fukuji]

[References] | Counter-Revolution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

元来は力学上の用語で、動=作用に対する反作用を意味し、それをそのまま社会現象に使うこともあるが(自然的反動)、普通、進歩に対する反作用(政治的反動)を意味する。特殊歴史的範疇(はんちゅう)としての、また一定の政治的党派性を意味することばとしての反動は、フランス革命後において、フランス大革命の理念と原則に反対したフランスの王党派の政策、政治手段、思考様式がその後の反動派の原型となった。フランスの思想家バンジャマン・コンスタンの小著『政治的反動論』Des réactions politiques(1797)は、反動の政治学的分析の初めとされている。

 このように政治用語としての反動は、もともと革命に対する反動を意味していたのであるが、マルクス主義は、歴史を、革命を媒介とする非連続的進歩としてとらえることによって、革命に対する反動を、同時に進歩に対する反動としてとらえる用例を開いた。他方、アメリカの政治学者ローウェルは、現状に対する肯定と否定、将来に対する楽観と悲観の二つを軸として、四つの政治的性向を区別したが、これによれば、反動ないし反動派とは、現状に不満をもち、将来についても悲観的で改革の可能性を信じない政治的性向ないし政治勢力であり、現状の評価という点で保守と区別され、将来の予測という点で急進と区別され、自由派とはこの両軸において反対の立場にたつ。つまり、ローウェルは、反動をむしろリベラルの反対概念としてとらえているのである。

 わが国では、「保守反動」というような日常的用語例があるが、もともと保守は、保存すべき価値の積極的な選択を前提とするものであるから、本来消極的で反対的なものにとどまる反動とは区別されなければならない。現代における政治的反動の典型は、反革命、反進歩、反自由というあらゆる面でファシズムである。

[田口富久治]

[参照項目] | 反革命

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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