Kingdom of Hawaii - Hawaii Kingdom

Japanese: ハワイ王国 - ハワイおうこく

The Kamehameha Dynasty, which unified the Hawaiian Islands in the 19th century. When J. Cook arrived in 1778 and came into contact with the Western world, Hawaii had a total population of about 300,000 and was divided and ruled by several chiefs. However, by 1810, Kamehameha (the Great) unified the Hawaiian Islands and established a centralized authority. His successors subsequently accepted Christianity and forbade worship of traditional gods, weakening the power of the priesthood. Sandalwood trade and the sugarcane industry became the economic foundations of the kingdom. However, in order to avoid interference from the great powers such as the United States, Britain, and France, Kamehameha III claimed international status by making Hawaii a constitutional monarchy in 1840. However, in order to be recognized by the international community, it was necessary to appoint many Americans to bureaucrats and promote Westernization, which resulted in the kingdom being influenced by the United States, creating a dilemma. As American settlers arrived, the sugarcane industry flourished, but Hawaiians lost jobs to Chinese and Japanese immigrants and were also introduced to foreign diseases, causing the Hawaiian population to plummet to about 40,000 by 1890. After Kamehameha V, Queen Liliuokalani (who succeeded Lunalilo and Kalakaua) ascended to the throne in 1891. She attempted to strengthen the dynasty's power in opposition to white forces seeking to merge with the United States, but she was forced to abdicate under pressure from the United States in 1893, and the Hawaiian dynasty fell. The following year, in 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was established. It was annexed by the United States in 1898, and became the 50th state of the United States (Hawaii) in 1959. 1993 marked the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian dynasty, and the movement to restore native Hawaiian sovereignty gained momentum. In the same year, President Clinton officially acknowledged the involvement of the US military in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and apologized. →Hawaiian Language/Hula

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

19世紀にハワイ諸島を統一したカメハメハ王朝のこと。1778年J.クックが来航して西欧世界と接した時，ハワイは総人口約30万人に達し，数人の大首長によって分割統治されていたが，カメハメハ（大王）が1810年までにハワイ諸島を統一し，土着の中央集権的権力を樹立した。以後，その後継者たちはキリスト教を受容して伝統的な神々への礼拝を禁じたため，司祭層の権力は弱められた。白檀貿易とサトウキビ産業が王国の経済基盤となった。しかし米英仏など列強の干渉を逃れるため，カメハメハ３世は1840年にハワイを立憲君主国として国際的地位を主張した。しかし国際社会に認められるために多くの米国人を官僚に起用して西欧化を図らねばならず，これが米国の影響力を招く結果ともなり，王国にとってはジレンマとなった。やがて米国人の入植が進んでサトウキビ産業が隆盛となったが，ハワイ人は中国人や日本人移民に職を奪われ，また外来の病気がもたらされたこともあり，ハワイ人人口は1890年には約４万人にまで激減した。カメハメハ５世のあと，ルナリロ，カラカウアに次いで1891年に即位したリリウオカラニ（女王）は，米国との合併をめざす白人勢力に対抗して王朝の権力強化を図ったが，1893年，米国の圧力で退位させられてハワイ王朝は倒れた。翌1894年ハワイ共和国が成立。1898年に米国に併合され，1959年に米国の50番目の州（ハワイ州）となった。1993年はハワイ王朝転覆100周年にあたり，ハワイ先住民主権回復運動が高まりを見せた。同年，クリントン大統領は，ハワイ王国転覆に米国軍が関わっていたことを公式に認め謝罪した。→ハワイ語／フラ

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