Partisan - Paruchizan (English spelling) partisan

Japanese: パルチザン - ぱるちざん(英語表記)partisan
Partisan - Paruchizan (English spelling) partisan

Originally, partisan meant a person who participated in and dedicated himself to a party or ideology, but it came to mean a person skilled in commanding a unit, or even a member of a unit of light soldiers or irregular soldiers. The revolts of royalist peasants during the French Revolution and the popular resistance against Napoleon's invasion in Spain and Russia are often called partisan wars, and guerrillas and partisans are considered to be almost synonymous. If one were to point out a difference, it could be said that today partisans are more directly influenced by socialist ideology and leadership. During the first Russian Revolution of 1905-06, the activities led by the Bolsheviks, such as armed raids, requisitions, terrorism, and sabotage, were collectively referred to as the partisan movement, and its advantages and disadvantages were defined in Lenin's essay "Partisan War" (1906), so the term partisan has become more commonly used than guerrilla in the former Soviet Union. Other famous struggles that adopted this name include the anti-Japanese partisans in colonial Korea and the anti-German resistance movement of the Tito faction in the former Yugoslavia during World War II.

Partisan activity is generally considered to be the main form of tactics in the guerrilla phase of the People's War, but it is also used to complement regular army operations by sabotaging and carrying out small-scale attacks on the flanks and rear of enemy lines, the latter of which proved particularly effective in the Soviet Union's fight against Germany during World War II.

The status of partisans under international law is still unclear, and although they may be granted legal rights and protection as combatants to the auxiliary forces of regular armies, in many cases it is difficult for partisan activities to meet these requirements, and there are no legal restrictions on the punishment, treatment, and care of partisans who become prisoners of war, so the matter is dealt with on a case-by-case basis. However, in recent years there has been a growing demand to give them regular prisoner of war treatment.

[Kaoru Yamazaki]

[Reference] | Guerrilla

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

パルチザンとは、本来はなんらかの党派あるいは思想に参画し身を捧(ささ)げる人をさしたが、転じて、部隊の指揮に巧みな人、さらには軽装兵や不正規兵の部隊の一員を意味するようになった。フランス革命時の王党派農民の反乱、ナポレオンの侵略に対するスペインやロシアでの民衆的抵抗も、しばしばパルチザン戦争とよばれ、ゲリラとパルチザンはほぼ同義語とみなされている。強いて違いをあげるなら、今日ではパルチザンには社会主義者の思想や指導がより直接的な影響をもっているといえる。1905~06年の第一次ロシア革命の過程で、ボリシェビキが指導する武装襲撃、物資徴発、テロ、サボタージュ(破壊工作)等の諸活動がパルチザン運動と総称され、その長所や短所がレーニンの論文「パルチザン戦争」(1906)で位置づけられたため、旧ソ連ではゲリラよりパルチザンの名称のほうが通用するようになっている。そのほか、この名称を採用した闘争としては、植民地期の朝鮮における抗日パルチザン、第二次世界大戦時の旧ユーゴスラビアのチトー派の反独抵抗運動が名高い。

 パルチザン活動は一般に、人民戦争の遊撃戦段階での主要な戦術形態とされるが、また正規軍の作戦を補完するための、敵戦線の側面や後方でのサボタージュや小規模攻撃などにも利用される。後者は、とくに第二次大戦中、ソ連軍の対独戦闘で大きな威力を発揮した。

 国際法上のパルチザンの地位はまだ不確かであり、正規軍の補助者として戦闘員の法的な権利や保護が認められることもあるが、多くの場合、パルチザン活動ではその要件を満たすことがむずかしく、捕虜となった際の処罰、待遇、看護等に関しては法的規制がなく、状況に応じた判断で処理される。しかし、近年では正規の捕虜待遇を与えるべきだとの主張も強くなっている。

[山崎 馨]

[参照項目] | ゲリラ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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