A five-act tragedy by the English playwright Shakespeare, written around 1601. The original story of Prince Hamlet appears in the 12th century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus' Histories of Denmark (1514), and a play on Hamlet was already performed in London in 1589. It is believed to have been written by Kyd, and the work is commonly called the "proto-Hamlet," but no copies remain. It is thought that Shakespeare wrote a new play based on this. When King Hamlet of Denmark suddenly dies, Queen Gertrude soon remarries the king's younger brother, Claudius, who then becomes king. Prince Hamlet laments his mother's premature remarriage, but the ghost of the former king appears and tells him that he was poisoned by his brother. Hamlet pretends to be insane in order to get revenge, and ends up losing even his beloved, Ophelia, the daughter of the prime minister Polonius. Hamlet, a man of knowledge, suspects the ghost's identity and stages a regicide to find out the king's true intentions, but the king's face changes and he stands up. Hamlet is called to his mother's private room and is reprimanded for his disrespect towards the king, but he instead criticizes her for her mistaken remarriage. Meanwhile, he stabs Polonius, who is hiding behind a hanging, to death, mistaking him for the king, but finally reconciles with the queen. The king feels in danger and sends Hamlet to England to have the English king kill him. However, Hamlet falsifies the king's letter to the English king while at sea, orders the English king to execute the guards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and returns home on a pirate ship. Meanwhile, Ophelia, who lost her father and lover, goes mad and dies, and Polonius' son Laertes, who mistakenly believes that Claudius was responsible for his father's death, is tricked by the king and plays a part in killing Hamlet. The King arranges a fencing contest between Hamlet and Laertes, during which the Queen dies after drinking poisoned wine that the King has prepared for Hamlet. Both Hamlet and Laertes die from the poison of a single sword, but in the end Hamlet gets his revenge by stabbing the King with the same sword, and the throne is passed on to the Prince of Norway. [Jiro Ozu] Depicting the spiritual history of intellectualsThe year "Hamlet" was written was a time of financial crisis for Shakespeare's Lord Chamberlain's Men, to which he belonged, and it is believed that he wrote the revenge tragedy that was popular at the time because he needed to attract audiences. However, while the play follows the tradition in form, the main focus is on the protagonist Hamlet. Hamlet, a young prince who was well educated, highly respected by the people, and celebrated as the flower of the court, is shocked by the sudden death of his father and his mother's premature remarriage, and just as he falls into depression, he is visited by a ghost and avenges his father by killing his uncle the king. However, he is obliged to restore order to the nation, and loses his mental stability, loses his lover, accidentally kills someone, and is finally sent to England to be killed himself. This is a turbulent life full of ups and downs, and in the end, he reaches a state of mind where he entrusts everything to God's providence, making this a noteworthy work in the history of world theater as it depicts the mental history of an intellectual. Along with the subsequent plays "Othello," "Macbeth," and "King Lear," it is counted among Shakespeare's "Four Great Tragedies." In Japan, in November 1903 (Meiji 36), an adaptation of "Hamlet" by Doi Shunsho and Yamagishi Kaba (1876-1945) was performed by the Kawakami Otojiro troupe, and in November 1907, a version translated by Tsubouchi Shoyo was performed for the first time by the Literary Arts Association's Engei Department. [Jiro Ozu] movieBritish film. 1948 production. Directed by Laurence Olivier. Olivier was one of the UK's greatest stars in both film and stage, and this was his second starring role and directorial work after "Henry V" (1944). Unlike his previous film, which mixed film and theater styles, filming was mostly limited to set scenes, and the film attempted to make use of the best of film techniques and technology, such as pan-focus filming (a filming technique that clearly captures the foreground and background), moving shots, and spotlight-like lighting. Bold omissions and changes were made to the plot, strengthening the story's centripetal force. Not to mention the excellent acting of Olivier and the other actors, the film attracted a top-notch staff including cinematographer Desmond Dickinson (1902-1986), set designer Roger Furse (1903-1972), set designer Carmen Dillon (1908-2000), and music by William Walton. In addition to the BAFTA award, the film won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Production Design, and Best Costume Design. Another Shakespeare work that Olivier directed and starred in was a color film of Richard III (1955). Hamlet has since been adapted into film by Franco Zeffirelli (1990), Kenneth Branagh (1996), and Michael Almereyda (1960- ) (2000). [Takaharu Miyamoto] "Hamlet, translated by Kinoshita Junji (Kodansha Bunko)" ▽ "Hamlet, translated by Fukuda Tsuneari (Shincho Bunko)" ▽ "The Ghost of Hamlet, by M. Scofold, translated by Oka Saburo and Kitagawa Shigeo (1983, Kokubunsha)" ▽ "Hamlet: An Essay on Structural Analysis, by J. Paris, translated by Taniguchi Masako and Ueda Yuzo (1984, Kokubunsha)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの劇作家シェークスピアの五幕悲劇。1601年ごろの作。ハムレット王子の原話は12世紀のデンマークの歴史家サクソ・グラマティクスの『デンマーク史』(1514)にみえており、すでに1589年にはロンドンでハムレット劇が上演されていた。その作者はキッドと推定され、作品は「原ハムレット」と呼び習わされているが残存しない。シェークスピアはこれに基づいて新しい戯曲を書いたものと想像される。 デンマークのハムレット王が急逝したので、王妃ガートルードはまもなく王の弟クローディアスと再婚し、クローディアスが王となる。ハムレット王子は早すぎた母の再婚を嘆くが、やがて先王の亡霊が現れ、弟によって毒殺されたことを王子に告げる。ハムレットは復讐(ふくしゅう)のために狂気を装い、最愛の宰相ポローニアスの娘オフィーリアまでも失うことになる。 知識人のハムレットは亡霊の素性を疑い、王の本心を探るため国王殺しの芝居を見せるが、王は顔色を変えて立ち上がる。ハムレットは母の私室に呼ばれ、王に対する無礼をとがめられるが、彼は逆に彼女の誤った再婚を難詰する。その間に壁掛けの後ろに隠れたポローニアスを王と誤って刺殺するが、最後に王妃と和解する。王は身の危険を感じ、ハムレットをイギリスに送ってイギリス王に彼を殺させようとする。しかしハムレットは海上で王のイギリス王あての親書を改竄(かいざん)して、監視役のローゼンクランツ、ギルデンスターンの処刑をイギリス王に命じ、自身は海賊船を利用して帰国する。一方、父と恋人を失ったオフィーリアは狂死し、父の死はクローディアスによるものとして誤解したポローニアスの息子レアティーズは、王の奸計(かんけい)にのせられてハムレット殺害に一役を買うことになる。王はハムレットとレアティーズのフェンシング試合を仕組むが、その席上で王妃は、王がハムレットのために用意した毒酒を飲んで死に、ハムレットもレアティーズも1本の毒剣のために死ぬことになるが、最後にハムレットは同じ毒剣で王を刺して復讐を遂げ、王位はノルウェー王子に譲られることになる。 [小津次郎] 知識人の精神史を描く『ハムレット』の創作された年は、シェークスピアの属する宮内大臣一座にとって財政危機の時期であり、観客動員の必要があったため、当時流行の復讐悲劇を書いたものと推定されるが、形式的にはその伝統を守りながら、戯曲の重点は主人公ハムレットに置かれている。教養も豊かで、国民の信望も厚く、宮廷の華とうたわれた青年王子ハムレットが、父の突然の死と、母の早すぎた再婚に衝撃を受け、憂鬱(ゆううつ)に陥ったやさきに亡霊の出現にあい、叔父王殺害によって父の復讐を遂げた。しかし、国家の秩序回復を図らねばならぬ義務を負わされて、精神の安定を失い、恋人を失い、誤って人を殺し、ついには自分自身が殺されんがためにイギリスに送られるという波瀾(はらん)に満ちた生涯を送り、最後にはすべてを神の摂理にゆだねる心境に到達するという、1人の知識人の精神史を描いたものとして世界の演劇史上に特筆すべき作品となっている。続く『オセロ』『マクベス』『リア王』とともに、シェークスピアの「四大悲劇」の一つに数えられている。日本では1903年(明治36)11月、土肥春曙(どいしゅんしょ)、山岸荷葉(1876―1945)の翻案による『ハムレット』が川上音二郎一座により上演され、また1907年11月には、坪内逍遙(しょうよう)訳による『ハムレット』が文芸協会演芸部によって初めて上演された。 [小津次郎] 映画イギリス映画。1948年作品。ローレンス・オリビエ監督。映画、舞台双方においてイギリスきってのスター俳優であったオリビエの『ヘンリイ五世』(1944)に続く主演兼監督作。映画と演劇のスタイルを混淆(こんこう)させた前作とは異なり、撮影はほとんどセットの中に限定され、パンフォーカス撮影(近景から遠景までを鮮明に映し出す撮影技法)や移動撮影、スポットライト的照明など、映画技法・技術の粋(すい)を凝らした演出が試みられた。プロットにも大胆な省略や変更が施され、物語の求心力が強められている。オリビエ以下優れた俳優陣の演技力はいうに及ばず、撮影デズモンド・ディキンソンDesmond Dickinson(1902―1986)、美術ロジャー・ファースRoger Furse(1903―1972)、装置カーメン・ディロンCarmen Dillon(1908―2000)、音楽ウィリアム・ウォルトンと、一流のスタッフを結集、イギリス・アカデミー作品賞に加えて、アカデミー作品賞、主演男優賞、美術監督・装置賞、衣装デザイン賞を受賞した。オリビエが主演、監督したシェークスピアものにはもう一本、カラーで映画化した『リチャード三世』(1955)がある。なお『ハムレット』はその後も映画化され、フランコ・ゼッフィレッリ版(1990)、ケネス・ブラナー版(1996)、マイケル・アルメレイダMichael Almereyda(1960― )版(2000)がある。 [宮本高晴] 『木下順二訳『ハムレット』(講談社文庫)』▽『福田恆存訳『ハムレット』(新潮文庫)』▽『M・スコフォールド著、岡三郎・北川重男訳『ハムレットの亡霊』(1983・国文社)』▽『J・パリス著、谷口正子・植田祐三訳『ハムレット――構造分析的試論』(1984・国文社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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