British politician. Born into an Irish aristocratic family, he became a viscount in 1802 upon the death of his father. He became a member of the House of Commons as a Tory in 1807, and served as Secretary of State for War for about 20 years from 1809. He belonged to the liberal faction of the party, and joined the Whig Party (later the Liberal Party) in 1830. He served as Foreign Secretary in the Grey Cabinet, and over the next 30 years he led British diplomacy as Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. In continental Europe, he kept France in check, and the achievement of Belgian independence in 1832 was considered the first brilliant achievement of his diplomacy. In the Eastern Question, he sought to preserve the Ottoman Empire by preventing the advance of Russia and France, and worked to maintain the balance of power in Europe. On the other hand, he adopted high-handed policies towards China, forcing it to open up and sign unequal treaties through the Opium Wars of 1840 and the Arrow War of 1856, and putting down the Indian Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. His diplomatic policy, which always put the protection of British national interests at the forefront, earned him great popularity among many British citizens, and he was affectionately known as "Old Pam" until his death. [Mayako Ishii] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの政治家。アイルランド貴族の家に生まれ、1802年父の死とともに子爵となる。1807年トーリー党員として下院議員となり、1809年より約20年間陸相を務めた。党内自由主義派に属し、1830年にホイッグ党(後の自由党)に合流、グレー内閣の外相を皮切りに、以後30年間外相や首相としてイギリス外交を指揮した。ヨーロッパ大陸では、フランスを牽制(けんせい)し、1832年のベルギー独立達成は、彼の外交の初の輝かしい成果とされた。東方問題では、ロシア、フランスの進出を阻止してオスマン・トルコ帝国の保全を図り、ヨーロッパの勢力均衡維持に努めた。 一方、中国に対しては1840年のアヘン戦争、1856年のアロー戦争などによって開国と不平等条約を強制し、また、インドでは1857年の大反乱(セポイの反乱)を鎮圧するなど、高圧的な政策をとった。つねにイギリスの国益擁護を前面に打ち出したその外交路線は、多くの国民の人気を博し、死去するまで「オールド・パム」の愛称で親しまれた。 [石井摩耶子] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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