It is also called colored glass. The transmittance of incident light in the visible range varies depending on the wavelength, so glass appears colored. The causes and methods of coloring can be classified as follows. [ I ] Coloring by glass-forming substances: (1) Oxide glass: Few of the main components are colored, but some have a pale yellow color due to their strong absorption in the ultraviolet range. Some semiconducting glasses that contain large amounts of V 2 O 5 , Fe 2 O 3 , etc. are almost black. (2) Non-oxide glass: Many chalcogenide glasses, etc., have absorption in the visible region and are colored. [ II ] Coloration due to additives: (1) Coloring ions: Adding transition elements produces a variety of colors. For most ions of transition elements, two types of oxidation states or coordination numbers coexist in glass, and the color changes depending on the concentration ratio of these at the melting temperature, whether the atmosphere is oxidizing or reducing, and the degree of acidity or basicity of the glass. When light absorption is caused by the branching of the energy levels of 3d or 4d electrons, the color changes because the strength of the ligand field changes not only due to the O2- directly coordinated to the transition metal ion, but also due to the ions adjacent to it. (2) Coloring colloids: Color occurs due to the formation of colloids of metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Pt , etc., nonmetals such as S, Se, P, and compounds such as CdS, FeS, Na2S , Sb2S3 , NaF, CaF2 , and TiO2 . When molten, they are uniformly distributed in an ionic state, but as the temperature is lowered, the solubility decreases and colloids precipitate. The color tone changes because the particle size of the colloids and the amount of precipitation vary depending on the manufacturing conditions of the glass. [ III ] Coloring due to radiation: (1) Lattice defects: Electrons liberated by radiation energy are captured by lattice defects in the glass, creating color centers. (2) Solarization: The action of ultraviolet light, etc., causes coloring between the ions contained in the glass. Mn 3+ + Fe 2+ → Mn 2+ + Fe 3+ The following reactions occur, causing a change in color. [ IV ] Other: (1) Stain: Cu + , Ag + , Au +, and other ions replace Na + on the surface of the glass when heated, eventually forming a colored layer as a metal colloid. (2) Printing: Fine powder of low-melting colored glass is baked onto the glass surface to color it. (3) Interference thin film: The glass surface is treated to form a thin film with a low refractive index. Alternatively, if MgF2 or other thin films are formed as anti-reflective films, wavelengths other than those that are not reflected will be reflected as complementary colors, making the surface appear colored. Furthermore, an interference filter can be created by forming multi-layer thin films using several types of substances and determining interference conditions to transmit only specific wavelength ranges. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |