Colored Glass - Irogarasu

Japanese: 色ガラス - イロガラス
Colored Glass - Irogarasu

It is also called colored glass. The transmittance of incident light in the visible range varies depending on the wavelength, so glass appears colored. The causes and methods of coloring can be classified as follows. [ I ] Coloring by glass-forming substances:
(1) Oxide glass: Few of the main components are colored, but some have a pale yellow color due to their strong absorption in the ultraviolet range. Some semiconducting glasses that contain large amounts of V 2 O 5 , Fe 2 O 3 , etc. are almost black.
(2) Non-oxide glass: Many chalcogenide glasses, etc., have absorption in the visible region and are colored. [ II ] Coloration due to additives:
(1) Coloring ions: Adding transition elements produces a variety of colors. For most ions of transition elements, two types of oxidation states or coordination numbers coexist in glass, and the color changes depending on the concentration ratio of these at the melting temperature, whether the atmosphere is oxidizing or reducing, and the degree of acidity or basicity of the glass. When light absorption is caused by the branching of the energy levels of 3d or 4d electrons, the color changes because the strength of the ligand field changes not only due to the O2- directly coordinated to the transition metal ion, but also due to the ions adjacent to it.
(2) Coloring colloids: Color occurs due to the formation of colloids of metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Pt , etc., nonmetals such as S, Se, P, and compounds such as CdS, FeS, Na2S , Sb2S3 , NaF, CaF2 , and TiO2 . When molten, they are uniformly distributed in an ionic state, but as the temperature is lowered, the solubility decreases and colloids precipitate. The color tone changes because the particle size of the colloids and the amount of precipitation vary depending on the manufacturing conditions of the glass. [ III ] Coloring due to radiation:
(1) Lattice defects: Electrons liberated by radiation energy are captured by lattice defects in the glass, creating color centers.
(2) Solarization: The action of ultraviolet light, etc., causes coloring between the ions contained in the glass.

Mn 3+ + Fe 2+ → Mn 2+ + Fe 3+

The following reactions occur, causing a change in color. [ IV ] Other:
(1) Stain: Cu + , Ag + , Au +, and other ions replace Na + on the surface of the glass when heated, eventually forming a colored layer as a metal colloid.
(2) Printing: Fine powder of low-melting colored glass is baked onto the glass surface to color it.
(3) Interference thin film: The glass surface is treated to form a thin film with a low refractive index. Alternatively, if MgF2 or other thin films are formed as anti-reflective films, wavelengths other than those that are not reflected will be reflected as complementary colors, making the surface appear colored. Furthermore, an interference filter can be created by forming multi-layer thin films using several types of substances and determining interference conditions to transmit only specific wavelength ranges.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

着色ガラスともいう.可視領域の入射光に対する透過率が波長により違うため,着色して見えるガラス.着色の原因および着色方法は以下のように分類できる.【】ガラス形成物質による着色:
(1)酸化物ガラス;主成分で着色性のものは少ないが,紫外部に強い吸収があるため,淡黄色を呈するものがある.V2O5,Fe2O3などを多量に含む半導性ガラスには,ほとんど黒色のものがある.
(2)非酸化物ガラス;カルコゲン化物ガラスなどには可視領域に吸収があり,着色しているものが多い.【】添加物による着色:
(1)着色性イオン;遷移元素を添加するとさまざまな色に着色する.遷移元素の大部分のイオンでは,ガラス中で2種類の酸化状態または配位数が共存し,これらの濃度比は溶融時の温度,酸化性か還元性かの雰囲気,ガラスの酸性・塩基性の程度などに依存して色は変化する.光の吸収が3dあるいは4d電子のエネルギー準位の分枝に起因している場合は,遷移金属イオンに直接配位している O2- だけでなく,それに隣接するイオンによっても配位子場の強さが変わるため,色調が変化する.
(2)着色性コロイド;Cu,Ag,Au,Ptなどの金属,S,Se,Pなどの非金属,CdS,FeS,Na2S,Sb2S3,NaF,CaF2,TiO2などの化合物のコロイドの生成により着色する.溶融時はイオンの状態で均一に分布しているが,温度を下げていくと溶解度が低下してコロイドが析出する.ガラスの製造条件によりコロイドの粒径,析出量などが異なるため,色調が変化する.【】放射線による着色:
(1)格子欠陥;ガラス中の格子欠陥に放射線エネルギーで遊離した電子が捕えられ,色中心をつくる.
(2)ソーラリゼーション;紫外線などの作用により,ガラス中に含まれる着色性イオン間に,

Mn3+ + Fe2+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+

などの反応が起こり,色調に変化を生じる.【】その他:
(1)ステイン;Cu,Ag,Au などのイオンを熱時ガラス表面層の Na と置換し,最終的には金属コロイドとして着色層を形成する.
(2)プリント;低溶融着色ガラスの微粉末をガラス表面に焼き付けて着色する.
(3)干渉性薄膜;ガラス表面を処理し,低屈折率の薄膜を形成する.あるいは反射防止膜としてMgF2,そのほかの薄膜を形成すると,無反射となった波長以外が余色として反射し,着色して見える.さらに,数種類の物質で多層の薄膜を形成し,干渉条件を定めて特定波長域のみの透過をはかると干渉フィルターとなる.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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