Haber - Haber (English spelling) Fritz Haber

Japanese: ハーバー - はーばー(英語表記)Fritz Haber
Haber - Haber (English spelling) Fritz Haber

German chemist. He studied at universities in Berlin and elsewhere, and in 1894 became an assistant in chemical engineering at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where he was promoted to professor in 1906. He left a legacy of research on gas reactions, and in 1912 became the first director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (now the Max Planck Institute), and also served as director of the Institute of Electrochemistry and professor at the University of Berlin. He originally studied organic chemistry, but while working as an assistant at Karlsruhe he worked on the thermodynamics of gas reactions, and from 1904 to 1905 he studied ammonia equilibrium. The results of his measurements drew criticism from Nernst, who had proposed the heat theorem, and Haber, through repeated experiments, reconfirmed his own results and recognized the possibility of industrializing the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen. Together with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol (1884-1976), he began researching the industrialization of ammonia synthesis in 1908 in collaboration with BASF, and in the same year obtained the basic patent for ammonia synthesis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 in recognition of his work in synthesizing ammonia from its component elements.

Apart from ammonia synthesis, Haber is known for his invention of the glass electrode in 1909 and his research into various gas reactions at high temperatures. He was an ardent patriot, and during World War I he directed the use of poison gas in actual combat. After the war, he planned to extract gold from seawater in order to meet the huge reparations imposed on Germany, but failed. He came to Japan in 1924 (Taisho 13), and after returning to Japan he made an effort to promote cultural exchange between Japan and Germany. After Hitler came to power in 1933, he was expelled from public office because he was Jewish, and was invited to the Cambridge Institute in England, where he spent four months, but passed away in Basel, Switzerland, during a trip to participate in the founding ceremony of the Daniel Seiff Society in Israel. In 1935, many German academic societies held a memorial service for the first anniversary of Haber's death, and despite Nazi interference, 500 people attended the grand event.

[Kato Kunioki]

[References] | Ammonia industry | Nernst | Haber-Bosch process | BASF

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの化学者。ベルリンその他の大学に学び、1894年にカールスルーエ工業大学の化学技術学の助手となり、1906年に昇進して教授、気体反応に関する多くの研究を残し、1912年カイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所(現、マックス・プランク研究所)の初代物理化学研究所長となり、また電気化学研究所長、ベルリン大学教授を兼ねた。本来は有機化学を学んだが、カールスルーエの助手時代に気体反応の熱力学を手がけ、1904年から翌1905年にかけてアンモニアの平衡を研究した。この測定結果は、熱定理を提唱していたネルンストの反論をよび、ハーバーは実験を繰り返すなかで、自己の測定結果を再確認するとともに、水素と窒素からのアンモニア合成の工業化の可能性を認めた。助手のロシニョルRobert Le Rossignol(1884―1976)とともに1908年からアンモニア合成の工業化研究をBASF社と共同で遂行し、同年にアンモニア合成の基本特許を取得した。アンモニアをその成分元素から合成した業績が認められ1918年にノーベル化学賞を受賞。

 アンモニア合成以外での研究では、1909年にガラス電極を発明したこと、高温での各種の気体反応の研究が著名である。熱心な愛国者であり、第一次世界大戦中には実戦での毒ガスの使用を指揮、大戦後はドイツに課せられた莫大(ばくだい)な賠償金の支払いに応じるため、海水から金を採取する計画をたてたが失敗した。1924年(大正13)に来日、帰国後は日独両国の文化交流に努力した。1933年にヒトラーが政権をとってからは、ユダヤ人のゆえに公職を追放され、イギリスのケンブリッジ研究所へ招かれて4か月を過ごしたが、イスラエルのダニエル・シーフ協会の創立行事に参加するための旅行の途中、スイスのバーゼルでこの世を去った。1935年に多数のドイツの学協会はハーバーの一周忌を催したが、ナチスの妨害にもかかわらず、500人が参集し、盛大に行われた。

[加藤邦興]

[参照項目] | アンモニア工業 | ネルンスト | ハーバー‐ボッシュ法 | BASF

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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