Cold water mass

Japanese: 冷水塊 - れいすいかい(英語表記)cold water mass
Cold water mass

A cold water mass that exists in the ocean and is colder than the surrounding area. It has a considerable size in both horizontal and vertical directions, and once it appears, it lasts a long time. Typical examples are the Kumano Nada off the coast of Kishu and the Kishu offshore cold water mass that forms in the Enshu Nada Sea.

The Kishu cold water mass appears between the shore and the Kuroshio Current, 100-200 km south-southeast of Cape Shionomisaki, and is often circular or elliptical in shape, with a radius of about 180 km. The main current of the Kuroshio Current meanders along the edge of the cold water mass, making a large detour around the outer (south) side of the cold water mass. The water temperature in the cold water mass area is about 5°C lower than the surrounding area at the sea surface and about 10°C lower at the 400 meter layer. The amount of dissolved oxygen is low except at the surface layer, and the transparency is low at a depth of 20 meters or less. The cold water mass is a large whirlpool as a whole, and the direction of rotation of the seawater inside the mass is counterclockwise. This cold water mass is formed by the upwelling of cold intermediate water. This can be seen from the fact that when a T-S (temperature-salinity) diagram is created for the Kuroshio Current area and the cold water mass area, the areas showing the same temperature and salinity are much shallower in the cold water mass area.

The Kishu cold water mass lasts for anywhere from a few years to nearly 10 years. It is said that it appears every 15 years. For this reason, the Kuroshio Current off the coast of Kishu has two modes of flow: when the cold water mass is present, it makes a large detour to the south and moves eastward, and when it is not present, it moves straight eastward. In the past, the former was called the "Kuroshio Anomaly," but now it is considered that there are two different flow patterns south of Honshu, and it is no longer called an anomaly. The Kishu cold water mass was first discovered around 1933 (Showa 8) during a major Imperial Japanese Navy maneuver, and was investigated and studied by Uda Michitaka and others.

Relatively large cold water masses can form in the Kuroshio Extension region, the Tsushima Warm Current region, and the Gulf Stream region of the Atlantic Ocean. These cold water masses are smaller in scale than the Kishu-oki cold water mass, and last for a short period of time, from a few weeks to a few months. Cold water masses (as well as warm water masses) are formed when the meandering Kuroshio Current or Gulf Stream separates the cold water on the north side (in the case of a warm water mass, the warm water on the south side). Cold (warm) water masses are also called eddies or vortexes, but in recent years they are often called rings.

There is no consensus as to why the Kishu offshore cold water mass forms or does not form, but it is thought that the topographical effect of the ocean floor topography off the southern coast of Honshu on the flow of the Kuroshio Current is significant.

[Masao Hanzawa and Kenzo Takano]

[References] | Michitaka Uda | Gulf Stream | Kuroshio Current | Water mass | Warm water mass | Upwelling
Origin of cold water masses (example of the Gulf Stream region)
©Shogakukan ">

Origin of cold water masses (example of the Gulf Stream region)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海洋中の一様な水塊のなかに孤立して存在する周囲より温度の低い水塊をいう。水平・鉛直両方向に相当の大きさを有し、ひとたび出現するとその存続期間も長い。代表的なものとして紀州沖の熊野灘(くまのなだ)や遠州灘にできる紀州沖冷水塊がある。

 紀州沖冷水塊は潮岬(しおのみさき)の南―南東、100~200キロメートル沖の、岸と黒潮との間に出現し、円形または楕円(だえん)形をしている場合が多く、半径は約180キロメートルになることもある。黒潮の本流は冷水塊の外(南)側を、冷水塊の縁に沿って大きく迂回(うかい)し蛇行する。冷水塊域の水温は海面で周囲より約5℃、400メートル層で約10℃低い。溶存酸素量は表層以外では少なく、透明度も低くて20メートル以下である。冷水塊は全体として大きな渦状をしていて、塊のなかの海水の回転方向は反時計回りである。この冷水塊は冷たい中層水の湧昇(ゆうしょう)により形成される。これは、T‐S(温度‐塩分)ダイヤグラムを黒潮域と冷水塊域とでつくってみると、同じ温度・塩分を示すところが、冷水塊域ではかなり浅くなっていることからもわかる。

 紀州沖冷水塊は数年から10年近くにわたり存続する。出現の周期は約15年ともいわれる。このため紀州沖の黒潮の流路には、冷水塊があるときは南に大きく迂回して東進し、存在しないときはまっすぐに東進するという二つのモードがある。以前は前者を「黒潮異変」とよんだが、現在では「本州南方には、二つの異った流れ方がある」と考え、異変とはいわない。紀州沖冷水塊は1933年(昭和8)ごろ、旧日本海軍の大演習の際に初めて発見され、宇田道隆(うだみちたか)らにより調査研究が行われた。

 黒潮続流域、対馬(つしま)暖流域、大西洋のガルフストリーム(湾流)域で、比較的大きな冷水塊が形成されることがある。これらの冷水塊は紀州沖冷水塊に比べると規模が小さく、存続期間も数週間~数か月と短い。冷水塊(暖水塊も同様)の生成は、黒潮や湾流の蛇行により北側の冷水(暖水塊の場合は南側の暖水)が切り離されることによる。冷(暖)水塊は渦(うず)eddy, vortexともいうが、近年ではリングringとよぶことが多い。

 紀州沖冷水塊がなぜ形成されるのか、また形成されないのかは定説がないが、本州南沖の海底地形が黒潮の流れ方に与える地形効果が大きいと考えられている。

[半澤正男・高野健三]

[参照項目] | 宇田道隆 | ガルフストリーム | 黒潮 | 水塊 | 暖水塊 | 湧昇
冷水塊の成因(ガルフストリーム域の例)
©Shogakukan">

冷水塊の成因(ガルフストリーム域の例)


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