Hanoi - Hanoi (English spelling)

Japanese: ハノイ - はのい（英語表記）Hanoi

The capital of Vietnam. It is located in the central Tonkin Delta in the north of the country, at the confluence of the Song Khoi River and the Duong River on the right bank. It has a population of 1,396,500 (estimated in 2003). It was once a Chinese-style city surrounded by a wall, but was remodeled during the French colonial period, and a French-style townscape was built around Hoan Kiem Lake (Restored Sword Lake, Small Lake). It is now the political, economic and academic center of Vietnam, and the city has expanded to an area of 2,133 square kilometers. The city center is divided into the districts of Hoan Kiem, Hai Ba, Duong Da and Ba Dinh, and 11 districts, including Thanh Tri, Tu Liem, Dong An, Gia Lam and Ba Vi, have been added to the suburbs.

In the center of the city, near West Lake, there are the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Ba Dinh Square, the Government Office, and the One Pillar Pagoda (built in 1049). There are also many historical ruins near Hoan Kiem Lake, such as the Ngoc Son Temple (on an island in the center of the small lake), the Temple of Literature built by Li Shengzong in 1070, and the temple of the Trung sisters, heroes of Vietnamese independence (Yuanming Temple, built in 1142). The new city area surrounding the center is a residential and factory district. In addition to chemicals, construction, and agricultural tools, bicycles and tobacco are also thriving industries. For transportation, National Highway 1 runs south to Ho Chi Minh City, and connects Ha Giang to China in the north and Laos in the west. Railways connect Ho Chi Minh City to the south, Kunming in China to the northwest, and Friendship Pass to the northeast. Noi Bai International Airport is located about 40 km north of the city.

[Kikuchi Kazumasa]

history

The capital of the ancient Vietnamese kingdom, as well as Longjian, and the administrative centers of Jiaochi and Jiaozhou during the period when Vietnam was a Chinese colony from the Han dynasty onwards were all located in the suburbs of Hanoi. However, at the end of the 3rd century, the Jin dynasty moved Longjian Fortress to the west of the city, along the To Lit River, and called the new city Da Luo Fortress. The Sui dynasty made this place Songping, the administrative center of Jiaozhou, and this is the origin of the political city of Hanoi. The Tang dynasty also established its Protectorate in Da Luo Fortress. In the 11th century, the Ly dynasty built Shanglong City with Da Luo City as its outer city and made Thang Long its capital, which was succeeded by the Trần and Lệ dynasties, but it was called Zhongjing during the Trần dynasty, Dongdu during the Ho dynasty, which usurped the Trần dynasty and moved its capital to Thanh Hoa, and the Ming dynasty, which destroyed the Hủ clan and invaded Vietnam, renamed Shanglong City to Dongguan City. During the Lệ dynasty, it was called Dongdu, Dongguan City, Zhongdu, and Fengtian City, but the official name became Dongkin, which is the origin of the name Tonkin. At the same time, the area around the castle developed as a guild town where people lived according to their occupation, and was commonly called "capital (Ke Trio)". From the late Middle Ages to the early modern period, Sheng Long flourished as the political and cultural center as well as the largest trading city in Bei He (northern part). At the end of the Le Dynasty, it was invaded by the Qing army, but even the Tay Son government, which repelled the invasion, made it the most important city in charge of military and administrative affairs in the north and the residence of its Beiping king. The Nguyen Dynasty, which was established in the early 19th century and moved its capital to Hue (Hue), changed the characters from Sheng Long to Sheng Long and made it a special city with the headquarters of the Bei Chong town. During the Minh Mang period of the Nguyen Dynasty, when local administration was divided into provinces, the area surrounded by the Red River and its tributaries became the Hebei (Hanoi) Province, and Sheng Long became its provincial headquarters, Hanoi.

Hanoi was occupied by French troops in 1873 and 1882 during the French invasions that began in the second half of the 19th century, and the colonization of Vietnam progressed through treaties concluded each time, with the northern part of the country becoming the Tonkin Protectorate in 1884 and Hanoi designated as its capital. When French Indochina was established, it became the seat of its governor's office and then a city directly under French rule. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which gained independence in 1945, designated Hanoi as its capital, and temporarily abandoned it when France invaded again, but it was recaptured in 1954, and continued to call itself the capital of the entire country even during the period when the country was divided into North and South following the Geneva Accords. After the unification of North and South Vietnam was established in 1976, it once again became the capital of Vietnam.

[Kunie Kawamoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ベトナムの首都。同国北部のトンキン・デルタ中部、ソン・コイ川右岸のズオン川との合流点に位置する。人口139万6500（2003推計）。かつては城壁に囲まれた中国風の都であったが、フランス領時代に改造され、ホアンキエム湖（還剣湖、小湖）周辺にフランス風の町並みがつくられた。現在はベトナムの政治、経済、学術の中心地で、市街は拡大され、面積は2133平方キロメートルに及ぶ。中心部はホアンキエム、ハイバ、ドゥンダ、バディンの各地区に分かれ、それに郊外のタンチ、トゥリエム、ドンアン、ザラーム、バビなど11地区が加わる。

　中心部にはタイ湖（西湖）の近くにホー・チ・ミン廟(びょう)をはじめバーディン広場、政庁、一柱寺（1049建立）があり、またホアンキエム湖付近には玉山寺（小湖の中央の島にある）、1070年李(り)聖宗が建立した文廟、ベトナム独立の英雄チュン姉妹の廟（円明寺、1142建立）などの歴史的遺跡が多い。中心部を取り巻く新市部は、住宅・工場地区となっている。工業では化学、建設、農具などのほか、自転車、たばこ工業が盛んである。交通は、国道1号線が南下してホー・チ・ミン市へ延び、北はハジャンから中国、西はラオスに通じる。鉄道は南はホー・チ・ミン市、北西は中国の昆明(こんめい／クンミン)、北東は友誼関(ゆうぎかん／ユーイーコワン)に通じる。市街の北方約40キロメートルにノイバイ国際空港がある。

［菊池一雅］

歴史

ベトナム古代王国の都や竜編(りゅうへん)など漢代以降の中国属領期の交趾(こうち)や交州の治所はすべてハノイ市の近郊にあったが、3世紀末、晋(しん)が竜編城を市の西部、トーリック川沿いに移して、新城を大羅(たいら)城とよび、隋(ずい)がここを交州の治所宋平としたのが政治都市ハノイの起源で、唐も大羅城に都護府(とごふ)を置いた。11世紀に李朝（リイ朝）が大羅城を外城とする昇竜城を築いて昇竜（タンロン）を都に定め、陳朝（チャン朝）、黎(れい)朝（レ朝）ともにこれを引き継いだが、陳朝では中京、陳朝を簒奪(さんだつ)してタインホアの西都に遷都した胡(こ)朝（ホ朝）では東都とも称し、胡氏を滅ぼしてベトナムを侵略した明(みん)は昇竜城を東関城と改称した。黎朝では東都と東関城の名のほか中都、奉天城とよばれたが、トンキンの呼称の起源である東京（ドンキン）が正式の名となった。同時に職種によって住み分けられるギルドの町として発展した城下は普通名詞「みやこ(ケ・チヨー)」でよばれたが、昇竜は中世後期から近世にかけて政治・文化の中心であるとともに北河（北部）最大の交易都市として栄えた。黎朝末に清(しん)国軍による侵略を被ったが、これを撃退した西山（タイソン）政権でも北部の軍事・行政を管轄する最重要都市としてその北平王の居城とした。19世紀初頭に成立し、フエ（ユエ）に遷都した阮(げん)朝（グエン朝）は昇竜を昇隆の文字にかえるとともに、北城総鎮を置く特別都市とした。阮朝の明命（ミンマン）期に地方行政を省に区分したとき、紅河とその支流に囲まれた地方が河内（ハノイ）省となり、昇隆はその省会ハノイとなった。

　ハノイは19世紀後半に始まるフランスの侵略の過程で1873年と82年にフランス軍に占領され、そのたびに締結された条約でベトナムの植民地化が進み、84年に北部は保護領トンキンとなってハノイはその首都に定められ、ついでフランス領インドシナが成立するとその総督府の所在地となり、さらにフランス領直轄都市となった。1945年に独立したベトナム民主共和国はハノイを首都に定め、フランスの再侵略でこれを一時放棄したが、54年に奪回し、ジュネーブ協定による南北分裂期も全土の首都を称した。76年南北の統一かなったベトナム社会主義共和国成立後、改めてベトナムの首都となる。

［川本邦衛］

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