It is the English name for the genus Musa in the Musaceae family (APG classification: Musaceae), but generally refers to plants whose fruits are edible and used in cooking. [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] CharacteristicsIt is an evergreen perennial plant of the Musaceae family, and can reach a height of 2-10 meters. It has both anchoring and nutrient roots. The stem is a cylindrical pseudostem formed by leaf sheaths clinging to each other, and the leaf blades grow in a cluster from the top. The flower stalk emerges from the base of the leaf cluster. Except for the Fei group./M . maclayi Mac., which produces an upright inflorescence, the flower stalk droops as it grows, and at the end it has a rhododendron-shaped bract, which encases the bud at the end. The flowers grow in two rows in the axils of each bract. The inflorescence produces female flowers at the base, bisexual flowers in the middle, and male flowers at the end. Male flowers have five stamens, female flowers have one pistil, and the ovary is three-lobed. Wild types produce many seeds, but cultivated types produce almost no seeds. The seeds are grey-black, asymmetrically spherical, 3-4 mm in diameter. Each cluster is called a hand and each fruit a finger. The edible species are 6-20 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, but some culinary species can reach 30 cm long and 7 cm in diameter. The fruit index is 20-3000, and the fruit color ranges from pale yellow to brownish red, with a wide variation in both light and dark aroma and flavor. As a result, the pseudostem withers and a new pseudostem grows. [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] originThe origin of bananas is complex, and there are many closely related species. The main species are a dozen or so species belonging to the Eumusa section (chromosome number 2 n = 22, same below) distributed in Southeast Asia, several species including the Fay banana belonging to the Australimusa section (2 n = 20) distributed in New Guinea, and several species belonging to the Rhodochlamys section (2 n = 22) or Callimusa section (2 n = 20) distributed in Southeast Asia. Of these, the main edible species are derived from the Eumusa species M. acuminata Colla (2 n = 22, genome type AA, same below) and M. balbisiana Colla (2 n = 22, BB). Musa acuminata has an A genome based on 11 chromosome sets, and cultivated species have ploidy relationships of 2x, 3x, and 4x (AA, AAA, AAAA), and are generally seedless. This seedlessness is expressed by combining the traits of parthenocarpy, which allows fruit to develop even without seeds, and seed sterility. Musa balbisiana has a B genome, and is diploid (BB) and can produce seeds. By crossing this with various strains that have an A genome that produces normal pollen but cannot produce seeds, seedless AB, triploid AAB, ABB, tetraploid AAAB, AABB, ABBB, etc. have been produced, and these have been widely cultivated. Among them, there are many good varieties of AA, AAA, AAB, and ABB. These are broadly divided into varieties with high sugar content suitable for eating raw, and varieties with high starch content for cooking. Although both are commonly called bananas, in the narrow sense, the former are called bananas and the latter plantains to distinguish them. Faye bananas belong to the plantain family, but are also eaten raw. Other Musa species include the Itobashō (also known as Ryukyu-basha), which is used to make Bashofu (a type of cloth made from banana plant), which is found in southern Japan, and Manila hemp (also known as abaca), which is used to make Manila hemp, which is found in the Philippines and Borneo. Both species are closely related to bananas. The Ensete genus, which is close to this genus, is found in New Guinea and central Africa, and some species produce starch and fiber from pseudostem. [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] Cultivation historyFrom New Guinea to the Indochina Peninsula, bananas have a history of acclimatization of 5,000 to 10,000 years. First, a parthenocarpic line was selected from wild Musa acuminata (AA), then a line with seed sterility that does not develop seeds even when pollinated and fertilized was selected, resulting in the establishment of a completely seedless banana. As this seedless banana spread, hybrids with Musa balbisiana (BB), triploid and tetraploid bananas were created, and the areas of use spread from east to west. They spread from the Pacific islands in the east to Oceania, from the west to India, and from Madagascar to Africa. Alexander the Great first saw bananas in the upper reaches of the Indus River during his eastern expedition, but they were introduced to Europe by the Portuguese from Guinea in 1482. Shortly after their discovery in the New World, they were introduced to Santo Domingo by the Spanish. Today, they are the most common fruit tree in the subtropics and tropics, and are widely used around the world in both production and consumption. [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] Cultivation and varietiesIt is suitable for areas with temperatures above 10°C and well-drained soil rich in humus. It is propagated by tiller buds, but disease-free seedlings propagated by meristem culture are also used. Planting should be done in an area of 2.5 to 3 meters square. Flowering and fruiting begin one year after planting. Renewal is done about every six years. There are many varieties, with many local variations. Gros Michel (AAA) was born in the West Indies, and is tall, produces large, abundant fruit, and has a good fragrance. However, it is susceptible to Panama disease and leaf spot disease, and is also weak to wind. It has slight female fertility, and is used as a breeding material as a female parent. Taiwan's Hokusho is similar to this, and is of good quality and is sold in Japan. Cavendish (AAA) is popular, which is resistant to Panama disease, has a short plant height, is abundant, and has a relatively good taste, but it is susceptible to leaf spot disease and nematodes (nematodes). Among the diploid species (AA), there are several lineages including Banksii, Malaccensis, Microcarpa, and many others, as well as the A/B hybrid Sapientum series. The world's production volume (2016) is 113.28 million tons of bananas for eating and 35.06 million tons of cooking bananas (plantains), with the former mostly found in Asia, South America, and Central America, especially India, China, Indonesia, Brazil, and Ecuador. The latter is mostly found in Africa, South America, and Asia, in that order, with Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda, and Colombia. Japan imports 960,000 tons of fresh bananas (2016), with the majority coming from the Philippines (79% of total imports), followed by Ecuador (16%). [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] Processing and UseFor export, the fruits are harvested before they are fully ripe, washed with chemicals, and then shipped. The imported unripe fruits are placed in a room and left for one or two days at 16.7-20.0℃ to increase respiration and promote sugar conversion in the flesh and yellowing of the skin. Once this is complete, the fruits are cooled to slow down the progression of ripeness. The fruit contains carbohydrates (22.6%), vitamins B1 , B2 , and C, as well as carotene, and minerals such as iron and calcium, with 87 calories per 100 grams of raw fruit. In addition to being eaten raw, it is used in salads, sherbets, and confectionery, and is also used as an ingredient in whiskey, fruit wine, and alcohol. It is also used as a dried fruit for confectionery and boiled food. Cooking bananas are eaten after being heated, and can be used in a wide range of applications, such as steaming with the skin on, peeling and toasting, or stewing. The immature male flower is widely used as a vegetable, and strains with the B genome are best. The leaves are used for packaging, fiber is extracted from the pseudostem, and sap is extracted from the pseudostem and rhizome as a gastrointestinal medicine. [Muneo Iizuka June 18, 2019] [Reference] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Banana (Carvendish) ©Shogakukan "> Banana (Hokusho) ©Shogakukan "> Banana (Morado) ©Shogakukan "> Banana (Monkey Banana) ©Shogakukan "> Cooking banana The female flowers grow at the base and turn upwards as they become fruits. The flower stalks hang long and have bell-shaped bracts at the ends, and male flowers grow in the axils of each bract. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose "> Banana fruit and male flower The immature male flower part is called banana heart and is widely used as a vegetable . Banana Heart Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
バショウ科(APG分類:バショウ科)バショウ属Musaの英語名であるが、一般には果実を食用・料理用とするものをさす。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] 特性バショウ科の常緑多年草で、高さは2~10メートルに達する。根には定着根と栄養根がある。茎は葉鞘(ようしょう)が互いに抱き合ってできた円柱状の擬茎で、上端から葉身を叢生(そうせい)する。花茎は葉叢基部から抽出する。この際に直立性の花序をつけるフェイバナナfei group./M. maclayi Mac.を除き、花茎は伸びるにつれて垂れ下がり、その先端に擬宝珠(ぎぼし)状に包葉をつけ、包葉が先部のつぼみを包む。花は各包葉の腋部(えきぶ)に2列につく。その花序の基部に雌花を、中央部に両性花を、先部に雄花をつける。雄花は雄しべ5本、雌花は雌しべ1本で、子房は3室。果実は、野生型は多くの種子をつけるが、栽培型には種子はほとんどない。種子は灰黒色、不斉の球形で径は3~4ミリメートル。各果房を果掌(かしょう)hand、各果実を果指(かし)fingerとよび、生食用種で長さ6~20センチメートル、径2.5センチメートルであるが、料理用種には長さ30センチメートル、径7センチメートルに達するものもある。果指数は20~3000、果色は淡黄から褐赤色で、香り、味ともに濃淡の変異が大きい。結果すると擬茎は枯れ、新しい擬茎が育つ。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] 起源バナナの起源は複雑で、近縁種も多い。おもな種は、東南アジアに分布するユームサEumusa節(染色体数2n=22、以下同じ)に属する十数種、ニューギニアに分布し、オーストラリムサAustralimusa節(2n=20)に属するフェイバナナほか数種、東南アジアに分布し、ロドクラミRhodochlamys節(2n=22)、あるいはカリムサCallimusa節(2n=20)に属する各数種がある。これらのうち食用種のおもなものは、ユームサのムサ・アクミナータM. acuminata Colla(2n=22, ゲノム式AA、以下同じ)と、ムサ・バルビシアナM. balbisiana Colla(2n=22, BB)を基本種としてできている。ムサ・アクミナータは、11本の染色体組を基本とするAゲノムをもち、栽培種には、2倍、3倍、4倍(AA, AAA, AAAA)の倍数関係がみられ、一般的に種子がない。この種子なし性は、種子がなくても果実が発育する単為結果性と、種子不稔(ふねん)性の形質とをあわせもつことによって発現する。ムサ・バルビシアナはBゲノムをもち、二倍体(BB)で種子ができる。これと、花粉は正常であるが種子ができないAゲノムをもつ各系統とを交雑し、種子なし性のABのほか、三倍性のAAB, ABBや、四倍性のAAAB, AABB, ABBBなどができ、広く栽培されてきた。なかでもAA, AAA, AAB, ABBにはよい品種が多い。 これらは、果実に糖分が多く、生食に適する品種と、デンプンの多い料理用品種とに大別される。いずれもバナナと通称しているが、狭義には、前者をバナナ、後者をプランテインplantainとよんで区別する。フェイバナナはプランテインに属するが、生食もされる。 バショウ属にはこのほかに、日本南部に芭蕉布(ばしょうふ)の原料となるイトバショウ(別名リュウキュウバショウ)が、フィリピンやボルネオには、マニラ麻の原料となるマニラアサManila hemp(別名アバカabaca)が分布し、いずれも食用バナナに近縁である。本属に近いエンセテ属Enseteはニューギニアからアフリカ中央部に分布し、擬茎からデンプンや繊維をとる種もある。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] 栽培史ニューギニアからインドシナ半島にかけては5000年から1万年の順化歴をもつ。初め野生のムサ・アクミナータ(AA)から単為結果性のある系統が選抜され、ついで受粉受精しても種子の発育しない種子不稔性がある系統が選抜され、完全な種子なしバナナが成立した。この種なしバナナの拡散とともに、ムサ・バルビシアナ(BB)との雑種や、三倍性、四倍性バナナができ、利用地域も東西に広がった。東は太平洋の島々からオセアニアに、西はインドに、またマダガスカルからアフリカにも伝わった。アレクサンドロス大王は東征時にインダス川上流で初めてバナナを見たが、ヨーロッパへの導入は1482年にギニアからポルトガル人によって行われた。新大陸には発見後まもなくスペイン人により、サント・ドミンゴに導入された。今日では亜熱帯や熱帯のもっとも一般的な果樹となり、生産と消費の両面から世界に普及した。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] 栽培・品種気温10℃以上の地方で、腐植質に富む排水のよい土壌に適する。繁殖は分げつ芽によるが、成長点培養法による無病繁殖苗も用いられている。定植は2.5~3メートル四方に1本とする。植え付け後1年で開花結実が始まる。更新は6年前後に行う。品種は多く、地方的な変異が多い。グローミッチェルGros Michel(AAA)は西インド諸島で産まれ、草丈も高く、果実が大きく豊産で香りもよい。しかし、パナマ病と斑葉(はんよう)病に弱く、風にも弱い。わずかに雌性稔性があり、雌性親として育種母材とする。台湾の北蕉(ほくしょう)はこれに類し、品質がよく日本向けとする。パナマ病にも強く、草丈は低く、豊産で味も比較的よいカーベンディッシュCavendish(AAA)が普及しているが、これは斑葉病とネマトーダ(線虫類)に弱い。二倍種(AA)ではバンクシーBanksii、マラッカエンシスMalaccensis、ミクロカルパMicrocarpaのほか数系統と、A・B雑種のサピエンタムSapientum系に品種が多い。 世界の生産量(2016)は生食用バナナが1億1328万トン、料理用バナナ(プランテイン)が3506万トンで、前者はアジア、南アメリカ、中央アメリカに多く、とくにインド、中国、インドネシア、ブラジル、エクアドルに多い。後者はアフリカ、南アメリカ、アジアの順で、カメルーン、ガーナ、ウガンダ、コロンビアなどに多い。日本では生果96万トン(2016)を輸入するが、おもな輸入先はフィリピンが大半を占め(全輸入量の79%)、ついでエクアドル(同16%)である。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] 加工・利用輸出用は完熟前の果穂を収穫し、薬液による洗浄を行ったのち出荷される。輸入された未完熟果は室(むろ)に入れ、16.7~20.0℃のもとで1、2昼夜置いて呼吸を高め、果肉の糖化と果皮の黄化を促進する。促進が終われば逆に冷却処理をして、熟度の進行を抑える。 果実は糖質(22.6%)、ビタミンB1・B2・Cのほか、カロチンを含み、また鉄、カルシウムなどの無機質もあり、生果実100グラム中に87カロリーを含む。生食のほか、サラダ、シャーベット、菓子材料などに用いるほか、ウイスキー、果実酒、アルコール原料にもする。乾燥果実として、菓子・煮食用ともする。料理用バナナは加熱処理をして食べるもので、皮のまま蒸し焼き、剥皮(はくひ)してトースト、煮込みなどと用途は広い。未熟の雄花部は野菜として広く用いられ、Bゲノムをもつ系統がよい。葉は包装に用い、擬茎からは繊維をとり、擬茎や地下茎部からは汁液をとり胃腸薬とする。 [飯塚宗夫 2019年6月18日] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> バナナ(カーベンディッシュ) ©Shogakukan"> バナナ(北蕉) ©Shogakukan"> バナナ(モラード) ©Shogakukan"> バナナ(モンキーバナナ) ©Shogakukan"> 料理用バナナ 雌花は基部につき、果実となって成長するにつれて上向きになる。花茎は長く垂れ下がって先端に擬宝珠状の包葉をつけ、各包葉の腋部に雄花をつける©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏"> バナナの果実と雄花部 未熟の雄花部はバナナハートとよばれ、野菜として広く用いられる©Shogakukan"> バナナハート 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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