Usually, part-timers are those whose daily scheduled working hours are shorter than those of regular workers at the same company, or those whose daily scheduled working hours are the same but whose scheduled working days per week are fewer than those of regular workers. However, since some part-timers in Japan work the same number of hours as regular workers and work overtime, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' Labor Force Survey and Basic Survey on Employment Structure define part-timers as workers who are called part-timers at their workplace. The distinction between part-timers and part-timers is also based on the names companies use, and there is no clear difference. Since the late 1970s, part-timers have been widely employed in place of regular employees as part of a company's downsizing strategy to reduce labor costs, and are now indispensable in the production process and sales activities of companies. In addition, there are an increasing number of cases where the type of job and the content of the work are the same as that of regular employees. While nearly 20% of part-timers in Japan work as long hours as regular employees (full-time part-timers), there are also many cases where employers reduce working hours against the wishes of the part-timers, thus avoiding the application of social insurance and the payment of bonuses and retirement benefits. Some part-timers work two jobs to earn the income necessary to live. The number of part-time workers has been steadily increasing from the 1980s to the present day in the 21st century. According to the Basic Survey on Employment Structure, the total number of part-time workers was 4.68 million (10.9% of all workers) in 1982 (Showa 62), but by 2017 (Heisei 29), this had reached 10.32 million (15.6%). Of these, approximately 90% (9.17 million) were women. By industry, the largest number of part-time workers are those working in wholesale and retail (2.46 million), followed by those in health care and welfare (2.11 million) and manufacturing (1.2 million). Although the number is on the decline, it is also characteristic of Japan that there are many part-time workers in the manufacturing industry. The hourly wage of a part-time worker is about 60% of the wage of a full-time worker. When retirement benefits and social security costs are added to this, the labor costs of a part-time worker are only about half of those of a full-time worker. According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's "2016 Comprehensive Survey on the Actual Conditions of Part-Time Workers," the most common reason companies use part-timers is "to deal with busy times of the day" (41.6%), followed by "lower labor costs (improving labor cost efficiency)" (41.3%) and "easy work" (36.0%). The motivations for part-time work differ between men and women. In the same survey, the most common answer for female part-timers was "to supplement the household income, even though I'm not the main breadwinner" (39.9%), while the most common answer for male part-timers was "to support my livelihood as the main breadwinner" (52.6%). Furthermore, many female part-timers appear to have chosen this employment status of their own volition, with many saying "because I want to work at times (days) that are convenient for me" (60.2%) or "because the working hours/days are short" (43.3%), but behind this lies the problem of gender-based division of labor, namely the husband's long, busy work hours and the concentration of housework on the wife. The number of part-time workers is increasing in Western countries, just like in Japan, and the ratio of part-time workers to the total number of employed persons reaches 37.3% in the Netherlands and exceeds 20% in the UK, Germany, and Denmark (Databook for International Labor Comparison 2019, Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training). However, the disparity in working conditions compared to regular workers is not as large as in Japan. The International Labor Organization (ILO) adopted the Part-Time Work Convention (Convention No. 175) in 1994, which requires national governments to take domestic measures to ensure that part-time workers are guaranteed equal treatment with their full-time counterparts (regular workers) in terms of rights as workers (right to organize, right to collective bargaining, protection against discrimination in occupational safety and health, and in employment), working conditions such as wages and holidays, and social security. The Directive on Part-Time Work (1997), which is legally binding for EU member states, also includes the principle of equal treatment, which states that "part-time workers should not be treated less favorably than full-time regular workers with comparable employment conditions." The Japanese government enacted the Part-time Workers Law (Law on Improvement of Employment Management of Part-time Workers, Law No. 76 of 1993) in 1993, but it was ineffective in improving the working conditions of part-timers, and labor unions called for revisions. The revised Part-time Workers Law enacted in 2007 aimed to improve working conditions by dividing "part-time workers" into four types based on three criteria: "job duties (content of work and responsibilities)," "human resource utilization system and operation (presence and scope of personnel transfers such as reassignment)," and "term of employment contract." Specifically, there are four categories: (1) those whose job duties and human resource utilization system are the same as those of regular employees, but whose employment contract term is not fixed (including cases where the term is fixed but is effectively indefinite due to contract renewals), (2) those whose job duties and human resource utilization for a certain period are the same, but whose employment contract term is different from that of regular employees, (3) those whose job duties are the same, but whose human resource utilization and employment contract term are different from that of regular employees, and (4) those whose job duties are different from those of regular employees in all three criteria. Of these, only (1) prohibits discriminatory treatment of part-time workers compared to regular employees in all working conditions, including wages, education and training, and benefits. This revised part-time labor law applies to part-time workers, so part-timers who work long hours like regular employees are excluded, and there were many problems with it, such as the lack of equal treatment measures compared to international standards. [Goga Kazumichi] Under the revised law that came into effect in April 2020, fixed-term workers are also included in the scope of the law, and the name of the law was changed to the "Part-time and Fixed-term Employment Labor Act" ("Act on Improvements to Employment Management for Part-time Workers and Fixed-term Workers"). [Editorial Department, March 22, 2021] "Part-time Work and the Life Cycle of Western Women" by Mitomi Noritaka (1992, Minerva Shobo)" ▽ "Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, compiled and published, "Report on the 2006 Comprehensive Survey of Part-time Workers" (2008)" ▽ "Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, compiled and published, "2007 Comprehensive Survey on the Diversification of Employment Forms" (2009)" ▽ "Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Bureau of Employment Equality and Children and Families, compiled, "Analysis of Female Labor 2008" (2009, 21st Century Vocational Foundation)" [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
通例、1日の所定労働時間が同一企業の正規の労働者より短い者、あるいは1日の所定労働時間が同じであっても、1週の所定労働日数が正規の労働者より少ない者をいう。しかし、日本のパートタイマーのなかには正規労働者と同程度の労働時間働く者や、残業をする者も含まれているため、総務省の「労働力調査」や「就業構造基本調査」では、職場でパートタイマーとよばれている労働者をパートタイマーと定義している。パートタイマーとアルバイトの区別も企業の呼称によるもので、明確な違いはない。 1970年代後半以降、企業の減量経営戦略のもとで、人件費の削減などを目的として、パートタイマーは正規労働者にかわって幅広く採用され、いまや企業の生産過程や営業活動のなかで不可欠の存在となっている。また、職種や仕事の内容も正社員と変わらないケースが増えている。日本のパートタイマーのなかには正社員と同じくらい長時間働くパート(フルタイムパート)がパート全体の2割近く存在している一方で、使用者がパート本人の意思に反して就労時間を短縮し、社会保険の適用や、ボーナス・退職金の支給を免れる事例も少なくない。短時間パートのなかには生活に必要な収入を得るために二つの仕事をかけ持ちして働く人もある。 パートタイマーは1980年代から21世紀の今日まで一貫して増え続けている。「就業構造基本調査」によれば、1982年(昭和62)時点でパートタイマー総数は468万人(全労働者の10.9%)であったが、2017年(平成29)には1032万人(同15.6%)に達した。このうち約9割(917万人)が女性である。産業別にみると、卸売・小売業で働くパートがもっとも多く(246万人)、これに医療・福祉(211万人)、製造業(120万人)が続いている。減少傾向にあるが、製造業に従事するパートタイマーが多いのも日本の特徴である。 パート労働者の時間当り賃金は一般労働者の賃金の6割程度である。これに退職金や社会保障費を加味すれば、パート労働者の人件費は一般労働者の人件費のおよそ半分にとどまる。厚生労働省「平成28年パートタイム労働者総合実態調査」によれば、企業がパートタイマーを利用する理由のなかでもっとも多いのが「1日の忙しい時間帯に対処するため」(41.6%)で、ついで「人件費が割安なため(労務コストの効率化)」(41.3%)、「仕事内容が簡単なため」(36.0%)となっている。 パートタイマーの就労動機は男女別で異なっている。同調査では、女性パートの場合、「主たる稼ぎ手ではないが、家計の足しにするため」(39.9%)がもっとも多いのに対し、男性パートでは「家計の主たる稼ぎ手として、生活を維持するため」(52.6%)がトップである。また、女性パートの多くは「自分の都合の良い時間(日)に働きたいから」(60.2%)、「勤務時間・日数が短いから」(43.3%)など自らこの雇用形態を選択しているとみられる割合が高いが、その背景には男女の性別役割分業、つまり夫の長時間過密労働と妻への家事労働の集中という問題がある。 欧米諸国でも日本と同じくパートタイマーは増加しており、就業者に占める比率はオランダでは37.3%に達し、イギリス、ドイツ、デンマークでは2割を超えている(労働政策研究・研修機構『データブック国際労働比較2019』)。しかし、正規労働者と比べた労働条件の格差は日本ほど大きくはない。ILO(国際労働機関)は1994年にパートタイム労働に関する条約(175号条約)を採択したが、この条約は労働者としての権利(団結権、団体交渉権、労働安全衛生面や雇用上の差別に対する保護)、賃金や休暇などの労働条件、社会保障などについて、パートタイマーが、対応するフルタイム労働者(正規労働者)との均等待遇を保障されるように各国政府が国内的措置をとることを求めている。また、EU加盟国に対して法的拘束力をもつパートタイマーに関する指令(1997)にも「パートタイム労働者は雇用条件において比較可能なフルタイム常用労働者に比較して不利な扱いを受けるべきではない」という均等待遇原則が盛り込まれている。 日本政府は1993年(平成5)にパート労働法(「短時間労働者の雇用管理の改善等に関する法律」、平成5年法律第76号)を制定したが、パートタイマーの労働条件の改善について実効性が乏しく、労働組合は改正の必要を求めていた。2007年に成立した改正パート労働法は「職務(仕事の内容および責任)」、「人材活用の仕組みや運用(配置転換など人事異動の有無や範囲)」、「雇用契約期間」の三つの基準に沿って「短時間労働者」を4種類に区分して、労働条件の引上げを図った。具体的には、(1)職務や人材活用の仕組みが正社員と同じで、雇用契約期間の定めがない者(期間が定められていても契約更新により実質的に期間の定めがない場合を含む)、(2)職務や、一定期間の人材活用が同じであるが、雇用契約期間が正社員と異なる者、(3)職務は同じであるが、人材活用および雇用契約期間が正社員と異なる者、(4)三つの基準のいずれも正社員とは異なる者、の4区分である。このうち賃金、教育訓練、福利厚生はじめすべての労働条件について正社員との差別的取扱いを禁止されたのは(1)のみである。この改正パート労働法の対象は短時間労働者のため、正社員と同様に長時間働くパートタイマーは除外されていること、国際的基準に比較し正社員との均等待遇措置が弱いことなど問題点も多いとされた。 [伍賀一道] 2020年(令和2)4月に施行された改正法では、有期雇用労働者も同法の対象に含まれることとなり、法律名も「パートタイム・有期雇用労働法」(「短時間労働者及び有期雇用労働者の雇用管理の改善等に関する法律」)に改題された。 [編集部 2021年3月22日] 『三富紀敬著『欧米女性のライフサイクルとパートタイム』(1992・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『厚生労働省編・刊『平成18年パートタイム労働者総合実態調査報告』(2008)』▽『厚生労働省編・刊『平成19年就業形態の多様化に関する総合実態調査』(2009)』▽『厚生労働省雇用均等・児童家庭局編『女性労働の分析 2008年』(2009・21世紀職業財団)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…Since 1982, Mauno Koivisto (1923- ) has been the...
《 Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research 》Scient...
Kyogen play title. Kyogen about becoming a monk. ...
A society in which the proportion of elderly peop...
Law No. 120 of 1956. This is a supplementary legis...
A Chinese military chronicle from the late Heian ...
Folk performing art. This is a type of Bangaku (mo...
…General term for insects of the Gracilariidae fa...
… [Takahiro Matsui]. … *Some of the terminology t...
〘Name〙 = Gansatsu (geese tag) *Shin-edited Fukujyo...
A city in northwest Yamanashi Prefecture. It was i...
One of the academic research organizations in Japa...
The Empress of the previous Emperor, and the moth...
→Stock price Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About...
A spring that utilizes the restoring force of a ro...