The effective mass of an electron in a crystal. The energy of an electron in a periodic potential field in a crystal forms an energy band, so the acceleration it experiences when subjected to an external force differs from that of a free electron. In general, if the acceleration when an external force f is applied is written as f / m * , then this m * is the effective mass, which is usually a tensor. If the energy of the energy band is a function of the wave number k , it is given by (1/ m * ) αβ =(1/ ℏ2 ) ∂2E / ∂kα∂kβ ( α , β= x , y , z ), where ℏ is the Dirac constant. m * becomes negative at the top of the energy band, and acceleration occurs in the opposite direction to the force. In general, effective mass is used to describe the motion of a particle that is interacting with surrounding particles in a many-body system. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
結晶内の電子の実効的な質量。結晶内で周期的なポテンシャルの場にある電子のエネルギーはエネルギー帯をつくっているため,外力を受けたときに得る加速度は自由電子と異なる。一般に外力 f が加わっているときの加速度を f/m* と書くと,この m* が有効質量で,普通はテンソルである。エネルギー帯のエネルギーを波数 k の関数とすると,(1/m*)αβ=(1/ℏ2)∂2E/∂kα∂kβ(α,β=x,y,z)で与えられる。ただし ℏ はディラック定数である。m* はエネルギー帯の上部では負になり,力と反対向きに加速度が生じる。一般に多体系の中でまわりの粒子から相互作用を受けている粒子の運動の記述に有効質量が用いられる。
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