Heat - Hatsujo

Japanese: 発情 - はつじょう
Heat - Hatsujo

It refers to an animal being in a physiological state in which it is possible to mate, but it mainly refers to the state in which female mammals are morphologically, physiologically, and behaviorally able to tolerate mating with males. Many mammals have seasonal breeding seasons. Furthermore, within the breeding season, some have alternating periods of estrus and interestrus. Generally, most animals ovulate during estrus, but ovulation occurs three hours after mating in rabbits, 26 hours in cats, and 30 hours in weasels. After estrus, dogs have a resting period of several months, and bats have a resting period of nearly a year. Mice go into estrus every four to five days, but if the lighting and temperature are kept constant, this short estrus cycle will be repeated all year round. In 1922, American zoologists JA Long and HM Evans discovered that the estrus cycle of rats consists of three stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus, and that these stages can be easily determined from the morphology of cells exfoliated from the vaginal wall. Cells, white blood cells, mucus, etc., released from the vaginal wall are called vaginal smears. From proestrus to estrus, the secretion of gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary gland increases, stimulating the ovaries to secrete estrus hormones. Estrus hormones stimulate the vagina and uterus, and also induce sexual behavior in females. During estrus, rats become more active at night, and when they meet a male, they vibrate their ears and jump to attract him. The smell of pheromones released from the vagina during estrus arouses males, and they move into mating behavior. When a male mounts a female's back, the female responds by undergoing lordosis. Lordosis is a mating posture seen only when a female is in heat, in which she bends her front legs, lowers the front half of her body, raises her hips and arches her back. Females in diestrus will not engage in lordosis, nor will they allow a male to mount on their back. In guinea pigs, the vaginal opening opens only during heat, and during diestrus a vaginal membrane forms and the opening closes.

[Takasugi Akira]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物が交尾可能な生理的状態にあることをいうが、おもには哺乳(ほにゅう)類の雌が形態的、生理的、行動的に雄との交尾を許容する状態をよぶ。哺乳類には季節的な繁殖期の存在するものが多い。また繁殖期のなかでも、発情期と発情間期が交互に周期的にくるものがある。一般に発情期に排卵するものが多いが、ウサギでは交尾の3時間後、ネコでは26時間後、イタチでは30時間後に排卵する。発情期ののちにイヌでは数か月、コウモリでは1年近くの休止期がくる。ネズミでは4~5日に1回の発情がくるが、照明や温度を一定にしておくと、一年中この短い発情周期が繰り返される。1922年にアメリカの動物学者ロングJ. A. LongとエバンズH. M. Evansは、ラットの発情周期には発情前期、発情期、発情後期、発情間期の各ステージがあり、腟(ちつ)壁の剥離(はくり)した細胞形態から容易にこれらの状態が判断できることを発見した。腟壁から遊離した細胞、白血球、粘液などを腟脂膏(しこう)(腟スメア)vaginal smearという。発情前期から発情期にかけて、下垂体の生殖腺(せん)刺激ホルモンの分泌が高まり、これに刺激された卵巣から発情ホルモンが分泌される。発情ホルモンは腟や子宮を刺激するとともに、雌の性行動も誘起する。発情期のラットでは夜間の行動量が増え、雄と出会うと耳を震わせたり跳ねたりして雄を誘う。発情期の腟から出るフェロモンのにおいで、雄は興奮して交尾行動に移る。雄が雌の背中にのると、雌はロードーシスlordosis(脊椎前彎(せきついぜんわん))をしてこれに反応する。ロードーシスは雌が発情しているときだけみられる交尾姿勢で、前肢を曲げ体前半を低くして、腰をあげ背を反らすものである。発情間期の雌は、ロードーシスはもちろん、雄を背乗りさせることもしない。テンジクネズミ(モルモット)では発情期にだけ腟口が開き、発情間期には腟膜ができて腟口が閉じる。

[高杉 暹]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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