A branch of anthropology that considers economic relations to be a part of social relations and examines human relationships in the production and exchange of goods and services. B. Malinowski's analysis and description of ritual exchange (kula) in Ocean Voyages in the Western Pacific (1922) is considered a classic. However, it was economic historian K. Polanyi who built the foundations of modern economic anthropology. In his book The Great Transformation (44), he analyzed the British economy during the Industrial Revolution and made it clear that the modern market economy was a special case in human history and was by no means a universal economic system. He also distinguished between a formal economy that seeks rationality that allows maximum profit or minimum cost, and a substantive economy that refers to the reproduction of society. This showed the direction of economic anthropology, which focuses on economic activities that appear in connection with mutual aid within a community and religious activities, as opposed to economics, which pursues the former. Later, under the influence of Polanyi, a school of thought called substantivists was formed. Representatives of this field include M. Sahlins, who developed research into social relations based on reciprocity and redistribution, and G. Dalton, who compiled a collection of basic essays on trade and markets in Africa (co-edited with P. Bohannan) and has been editing and publishing the Annals of Economic Anthropology since 1978. In contrast, formalists, represented by H. Schneider, EE Leclerc, and R. Buring, argue that economies are rational even in societies that have not adopted a modern market economy, and that economics can be applied. There is also Marxist economic anthropology by M. Godelier, C. Meillassoux, and M. Taussig. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
経済関係は社会関係の一部であるという見解に立ち,財物とサービスの生産および交換の諸関係にみられる人間関係を問題とする人類学の一分野。 B.マリノフスキーの『西太平洋の遠洋航海者』 (1922) における儀礼的交換=クラの分析と記述は,その古典とされる。しかし今日の経済人類学の基礎を築いたのは,経済史家 K.ポラーニーである。彼は著書『大転換』 (44) において,産業革命期のイギリス経済を分析し,人類史において近代市場経済が特殊なものであり,決して普遍的な経済制度ではないことを明らかにし,さらに最大利潤あるいは最小費用を可能とするような合理性を求める形式的な経済と,社会の再生産をさす実体的な経済とを区別した。それは,前者を追究する経済学に対して,後者のような共同体内の相互扶助,宗教活動などと関連して現れる経済活動を対象とする経済人類学の方向性を示すものであった。以後,ポラーニーの影響下に実体論者 substantivistと呼ばれる学派が形成された。互酬性,再配分に基づく社会関係の研究を発展させた M.サーリンズや,アフリカの交易と市場に関する基本論文集をまとめ (P.ボハナンと共編) ,1978年から『経済人類学研究年報』を編集・刊行する G.ドールトンがその代表である。これに対して,H.シュナイダー,E.E.ルクレール,R.バーリングに代表される形式論者 formalistは,近代市場経済が採用されていない社会においても経済は合理的であるとし,経済学の適用可能性を主張している。ほかに,M.ゴドリエ,C.メイヤスー,M.タウシッグらによるマルクス主義的経済人類学もある。
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